r% r\ IS y an d 92 respectively) but it is difficult to see the logic behind these sequences. One probability is that the artists, either singly or collectively, were numbering their drawings in sequence, presumably keeping a master-list or lists, and for this reason there are extensive gaps in sequences (as in the Tahitian land birds). However, this does not account for the duplication in the Brazilian fishes. Most of the Madeiran animal drawings are numbered with the letter prefix T (it can sometimes be read as I), but again it proves difficult to reconstruct a logical sequence from the animal drawings alone. However, the use of a capital letter prefix to represent a geographical region is paralleled in Solander's method of note keeping (Wheeler, 1983) where notes on the fishes and the specimens were numbered serially with the prefix A from the Pacific Ocean, and B from New Zealand. Possibly a similar system was in use for the drawings but the notes, specimen numbers, and the drawing numbers are independent of one another and are not cross- referred. The drawings are also labelled with the artist's name and in many cases the locality, both written in ink by Jonas Dryander. It seems most probable that Dryander wrote these annotations of artist during the period that he was compiling his Catalogue of drawings of animals (see below, p. 10) which dates them to the period 1772— 1776. It is probable that the present (1984) sequence of binding the drawings was adopted in Dryander's time. Indeed, it is logical to assume that Dryander, as Banks's librarian, would in a series of operations identify the artist for each drawing and the place at which it was made, both for his draft Catalogue and in order to label the drawings, and would then arrange the drawings in sequence, numbering them while doing so. As already noted, the sequence INTRODUCTION 9 follows the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae (1766- 1767), although hitherto unrecognized genera (e.g. Nasutus, see above) or unidentified drawings were simply bound in at the end of the appropriate section. In the case of the fish genera involved, an attempt to place them in the correct systematic series was made in the final draft of Dryander's Catalogue, however, and this implies that the folio numbering, and thus sequence for binding, was earlier, perhaps pre-1772. (The numerals of the folios are written in pencil in large figures, but are not apparently in the hand of either Dryander or Solander.) There are other pencil numbers not part of the present sequence on some drawings. These may represent an earlier sequence but it is difficult to establish which it is as only a few drawings are so numbered. The main sequence of folio numbers was cited by authors as early as Heinreich Kuhl (1820), which shows that their use was firmly established before Banks's death. There are two unsolved puzzles about the animal drawings from the Endeavour voyage. Firstly, they are not listed in Dryander's Catalogus Bibliothecae historico-naturalis Jose-phi Banks (Dryander, 1796:17), even though the Forster, Ellis, and Webber drawings were listed. Secondly, in his short history of the libraries in the British Museum (Natural History) Woodward (1904) listed, under Parkinson, within his list of Banks's library, the 'Original water-colour drawings of Plants and Animals made during Capt. J. Cook's first voyage . . .' eighteen botanical and one zoological volume. This was corrected by Sawyer (1971) in an otherwise identical entry to eighteen volumes of botanical and three of zoological drawings. Sawyer's list is clearly correct but why Woodward should have listed only one volume in 1904 remains a mystery; presumably it was a cataloguing omission arising from the recent transference of the present third volume from the Botanical Library to the Zoological Library (which took place on 8 March 1887). Possibly the first two volumes had not previously been catalogued but the recent transfer had been noted. Few of the animal drawings by Sydney Parkinson are finished artwork, and some are merely pencil outlines often with notes on coloration which were to be finished later. The drawings by Sporing are detailed studies in pencil and are clearly finished drawings for record purposes. There seems to have been no intention to finish them in colour. Buchan's drawings are all finished water-colours. The unevenness in completion of the animal drawings has been touched on by Carter etal. (198 1) who drew some general conclusions. The presence of Buchan drawings of invertebrates and fishes from the first stages of the voyage can be interpreted that the experienced animal draughtsman Parkinson was advising or helping Buchan gain experience in this field, an artistic area far removed from the landscape studies he was engaged to practise. In addition, the approaches to Madeira were well-known to European sailors, and views of them would have been made by many earlier draughtsmen, so Buchan may also have taken the opportunity to draw animals as there was little other artistic employment for him. In the approaches to Rio de Janeiro he made a number of landscape drawings, even though this harbour was as well-known as Madeira, and there are others in the general area of Tierra del Fuego, but very few from the Pacific Ocean (Lysaght, 1980). Buchan's ill-health, and death at Tahiti, prevented him from making any considerable contribution to the artistic record of the voyage. His death moreover forced on Parkinson and Sporing a considerable burden of landscape drawing, a form which had not been designated as their first responsibility. The animal drawings show most notably an emphasis on marine subjects, with a considerable number of oceanic, planktonic, or nektonic animals featured. This must be a result, not directly of the abundance of marine life, but to a lack of plant subjects while at sea, 10 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS for Banks's interest in plants was greater than his interest in zoology. Nevertheless, the naturalists made critical and original observations on the nektonic animals such as crustaceans and their larvae, and plankton such as Physalia physalis. However, at landfalls Banks and Solander collected so many plants which they required Parkinson to draw that in many cases only single leaves, flowers, buds, or fruits were coloured on a drawing so as to give guidance for the completion of the finished drawing. Most of the animal drawings made in the Pacific Ocean were made near to or at landfalls, especially Tahiti, Australia, and New Zealand. A similar policy was adopted for these as for the botanical drawings, some colour being painted in, and colour notes made, but very few were ever finished. In Australia and New Zealand Sporing made most of his exact pencil drawings of animals, presumably while Parkinson was fully occupied with botanical drawing. After the Endeavour returned to England it was Banks's decision to concentrate on the plans to publish the plant drawings. Many were redrawn by other artists and were later engraved on copper (Diment et al. , 1984) but the proposed grandiose publication was never achieved. By contrast the animal drawings were neglected, no attempt was made to produce finished or fully coloured artwork, and it seems that publication, although presumably envisaged as taking place after the plant volumes were published, never was a viable project. As Carter et al. (198 1) have already pointed out there was also a system of priority in the types of animals drawn. Fishes dominate the artistic record, birds, and marine invertebrates are also numerous, but mollusc shells and arthropods, such as insects, are scarcely represented. The choice of animal for drawing clearly depended on the likelihood of the preservation of its coloration and body form. The colours of fishes are highly fugitive, and after preservation in barrels of spirits of wine or rum (as they were on the Endeavour) would not have been discernable. Banks was already aware of drawings made from alcohol- preserved fishes after his Newfoundland and Labrador voyage, and even though Parkinson's drawings of them are accurate they are obviously made from dead fish, and they were not coloured. On his North American voyage Banks also had shot birds which were later stuffed and then drawn by Parkinson and Peter Paillou with only moderate success in the final presentation. The bias in the drawings towards soft-bodied and impermanently coloured animals such as coelenterates, salps, siphonophores, fishes, and birds, was thus a response to the naturalists' inability to preserve their colour and body form. The many molluscs, insects, and other arthropods which they are known to have collected were not drawn in any numbers, because they would have been prepared as dry specimens which would retain both their form and colour. The bias in the animal drawing towards marine subjects can thus be seen as the result of conscious policy decision by Banks. The paucity of land animals represented in drawings and manuscripts is not because they have been lost or given away, as some authors have suggested, but is the obverse of the concentration on botanical studies while at the landfalls, and on animals only when plants were unobtainable. DRYANDER S CATALOGUE Dryander's manuscript Catalogue of the drawings of animals in the library of Sir Joseph Banks is bound (rebound in 1947- 1948) in half leather and comprises 251 numbered leaves, with 3 + 8 unnumbered original leaves at front and back; size 325 X 203 mm. A later entry on the title page reads 'J- Dryander's manuscript catalogue of the drawings of Animals in the DRYANDER'S CATALOGUE II Library of Sir J. Banks arranged in systematic order'. The paper is watermarked C. Taylor, with a countermark of Britannia in an oval surround with a crown; it is not dated. Each leaf is ruled on both sides in reddish-brown ink, once horizontally near the head of the page, and with four vertical lines, from the horizontal line downwards, to give five unequal columns. These columns are used to give an indication of the medium of the drawing (see below), the scientific name of the animal, the locality or source of the specimen, and the artist concerned (Figure i). The last column is usually left blank. It represents a catalogue of all the animal drawings in Banks's collection arranged systematically under major group names, as current in the late eighteenth century, with each drawing listed under the genus name. Many drawings are identified by binominal name, with abbreviation of the name of the author of the binomen, and notes on the sex of the specimen in some cases. Most drawings have a locality of origin of the animal, or some other note, and all are attributed to various artists. Whitehead (1978) has listed these artists by name, in some cases identifying them with initials: the following list is reproduced from Whitehead with some modification, the most frequently used form of the name being in parentheses where this differs from the main entry: P. d'Auvergne (D'Auvergne); J. Backstrom (Backstroem); Barnes; Bolson; P. Brown; A. Buchan; J. Cleveley; N. Dance (Nath. Dance); T. Davies; G. Edwards; W. Ellis (William Ellis); Engleheart; G. Forster (Ge Forster); F. Frankland; S. Gilpin; J. Greenwood; W. King (Wilhelmina King); G. Metz (Gertrud Metz); J. Miller (Jas. Miller); J. F. Miller; U. Mole (Utrick Mole); F.P. Nodder; P. Paillou (Paillou); S. Parkinson; Chevalier Pinto; Roberts; J. van Rymsdyk; A. Schouman; J.E. de Seve (Seve); J. Sowerby; H. Sporing (Sporing); J. Stuart; G. Stubbs; W. Watson (Dr. Watson); J. Webber; R. Wright. Dryander adopted several shorthand symbols to abbreviate the information in the list. His first column details the medium employed for the drawing; Viz. X = 'Finished in Colors,' + = '[Finished] without Color', /= 'Sketch with Colors', — = [Sketch] without Colors, O = 'Copy upon transparent paper'. The third column in his catalogue is mainly a listing of the locality from which the subject came, but some other data are included. The localities are mostly abbreviations or contractions of an area name, but the nomenclature was, of course, eighteenth century usage. The localities are listed below; the abbreviation is copied exactly. Modern equivalents are given where needed. Seven other abbreviations not referring directly to geographical locality or medium for the drawing were also adopted: a. v. Animal vivum (live animal); L.Y.A.M. Lady Anne Monson; O. Beng Original drawn at Bengal; Pen: Pennant (Thomas Pennant, 1726-1798, naturalist, author and correspondent of Banks); P.F. Pellis Farcta (stuffed skin); P. sal. Piscis salitus (fish preserved with salt); and s from an animal in spirit. The list of localities and other abbreviations and symbols was evidently not compiled all at one time, for the writing differs (although all is by Dryander). Some of the entries are heavily inked, others are lightly inked, and there are two insertions into the alphabetical sequence. Looked at overall it is exactly the kind of list which would result from the first draft of a working catalogue. The main body of the catalogue, in which the drawings are listed, is very different. The writing is neat and consistent throughout the page and from page to page (with very few exceptions), the headings for class and order are always written centrally at the head of the page, the genus name is written in capitals at the head of the second column, and the entries for the drawings follow the same pattern exactly, except where information is lacking. Considered beside the introductory sheet of abbreviations the main listing is so consistent that it must represent a fair copy by Dryander from an earlier working list. The "Shu* /fir <7/i IftltCiC-t C^^vo^doJr / i , c*m*vfttj -f\ — &./*. SSt^U** /f*» V /XC. P*1 At?-r'&jri2* > f*< * «v % \C, frtm/fajtttj J&rrthi&, ___ — / 4 &.M*A*4* •4c. <£'£\ *\ . y <* r^clt (i r -v*.s**.\s.9 t foim, n I s P v . •» •«•• ivr, I / <".' foe&^ri* >#'m/t. U S^.VJ/I J5$iv •«•-/- «— '< , ^<#W<;«f>-/7»V . wtw*^. . «Wc#v«(V f« »-; >StttrttJr, dryander's catalogue 13 Am. oc. Americes littus Occident N.Z. Nova Zelandia (western coast of America) Norf. I. Norfolk Island Ascens Island of Ascension Ot. Otaheite (Tahiti) Bat: Batavia India orientalis Oc. Oceanus (open ocean) Bras: Brasilia Palm I. Palmerston Island C.b.sp. Caput bonae spei Pr. Isl. Princes Island, Ind. [ia] (Cape of Good Hope) Pul: Con: or. [ientalis] Chr. Isl. Christmas Island Rio Jan. Pulo Condor Ind. or. Fr. Isl: Friendly Islands Sa. Isl. Rio Janeiro Herv. I. Hervey's Island Soc. Isl. Sandwich Islands I.D.R. Insula Diego Rays, Ind:or: S. Geo. (Hawaian Islands) Kamt. Kamtschatka Spizb. Society Islands Kergu. Kergulen's Land St. L. South Georgia M. Spitz Mare prope Spitzbergen Sur. Spizbergen M. pac: Mare pacificum (Pacific Ocean) T. d. F. Staten Land M.P.B. Mare pacificum boreali Turtle I. Surinam (northern Pacific Ocean) Unal. Terra del Fuego Mad. Madeira Turtle Island Marque. Marquesas Unalashka N. Cal. Nova Caledonia N.C. Nova Cambria (New South Wales, Australia) few exceptions where the handwriting is not consistent are clearly later insertions which the format adopted, with ample space between entries and one genus and another, was clearly designed to permit. Examples occur on f. 143 Pleuronectes Whiff Flounder . . . Dr Watson, and f. 17 Mus . . . N. America Col. Davies. The date of compilation of the catalogue is difficult to establish but there are several indications of dating. Logically, a catalogue of Banks's collection of animal drawings might have been expected to be contemporaneous with Dryander's Catalogus Bibliothecae . . . (1796— 1 800). This great catalogue in four volumes included the drawings of animals from Cook's second and third voyages (vol.2, p. 17) by George Forster, William Webber, and William Ellis, giving the number of folios in each case. In the case of the Forster collection, Dryander listed it as in two volumes totalling 261 folios, which agrees exactly with the present foliation in the two volumes (as some folios have two drawings mounted there are a Fig. 1 Jones Dryander's manuscript Catalogue of the drawings of animals in the library of Sir Joseph Banks f. 145. The columns contain an indication of the medium of the drawing (see text for details), the scientific name of the animal represented, the locality or source of the specimen, and the artist. Note the number of Chaetodon species attributed to P. M. A. Broussonet, many are manuscript names which he communicated to J. F. Gmelin (1789). 14 THE ENDEA VOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS total of 27 1 drawings). This demonstrates that this collection had been sorted, foliated, and one presumes mounted on sheets in some cases, before the production of Dryander's second volume (1796). The preparation of a catalogue of the drawings might therefore have been accomplished at the same time as the foliation, and certainly after it, and this catalogue might be dated to the late 1 780s. Although the omission has no bearing on the discussion of the date of preparation of Dryander's manuscript Catalogue, it must parenthetically be noted that the printed catalogue (Dryander, 1796— 1800) does not list the original drawings of animals or plants from the Endeavour voyage, although the collected drawings from the second and third voyages are listed. It seems to be an inexplicable omission. Jonas Dryander ( 1 748— 1 8 1 o) became Banks's librarian after the death of Daniel Solander in 1782. The dates of his working for Banks thus provide a narrowed period of time for the compilation of the catalogue of drawings. Within the catalogue there is some evidence for dating from the scientific nomenclature used. Thus, on f.65 the genus Aptenodytes is entered in the normal manner and this name was published by Forster (178 id). On f.43 and f.75 the bird genera Callacas and Chionis are both entered in pencil, although the entries for the appropriate drawings are given in the normal manner in ink. These generic names were published by Forster (1788). On f. 175 two entries under the genus Clupea refer to P.M. A. Broussonet's Ichthyologia, which was published in 1782. Both species are entered in ink in the normal manner and are contemporaneous with the major part of the catalogue. From internal evidence of the nomenclature used it seems that the main catalogue was compiled after 178 1 — 1782 and before 1788. Confirmation of the earlier date can be found in the reference on f. 1 1 to Forster's description of Felis capensis (Forster, 1781^), the entry written contemporary with the main catalogue. Many names attributed to Broussonet particularly within the genera Chaetodon (ff. 145— 147), Sciaena (ff. 155— 157), and the manuscript name Meandrites (f. 157) are often written in pencil (the Chaetodon entries are in ink). These were names given to the fishes represented in the drawings, and often written on the drawing, by Broussonet. His published Ichthyologia (Broussonet, 1782) was sub-titled 'Decas I' but no further publication appeared under this title. These manuscript names, which must date from the period 1780— 1782 or 1786, when he was in London and worked on Banks's collections, were presumably intended to be published in later decades of the work, and are thus treated somewhat tentatively by Dryander by entering some in pencil. Some of the Chaetodon names were published by Gmelin (1789) from a personal communication by Broussonet. These varied indications for dating the Dryander manuscript give a broad range of the 1 780s, narrowing down on single pieces of evidence to between 1782 and 1788. It therefore seems possible that Dryander compiled this catalogue around 1785. The systematic arrangement of the catalogue basically follows the arrangement of Linnaeus's (1766— 1767) twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae. There are, however, additions of genera which were not represented in the published work. With the case of the well-known, but wrongly-sited Kanguru, Dryander followed Solander's placement in Mammalia — Glires, he followed Solander for the new genus Nectris (between Procellaria and Diomedea in Aves-Anseres), and in both cases would have been influenced by the manuscript notes and even the sequence of binding. However, with new taxa from George Forster's drawings, Dryander, having no manuscripts for guidance, presumably had either DRYANDER'S CATALOGUE 15 to follow the sequence of the binding or take decisions as to the correct order to adopt. It is interesting that the Dryander Catalogue in some places improves on the sequence of arrangement adopted in the drawings. In the Endeavour drawings collection the sequence of arrangement is also based on the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae, but at the end of the volume containing fishes there are six drawings (ff. 205-2 10) which are out of sequence. The reason for this is quickly evident; two of them (ff.209, 210) are unnamed, except for vernacular names, and the remainder represent genera which were novel and thus not placed in the system. These were Nasutus (Solander ms) - a synonym of Gomphosus Lacepede, and Dentex (Solander ms, non Cuvier) - the species of which are properly synonyms ofSaurida Cuvier & Valenciennes and Synodus Scopoli. In Dryander's catalogue, however, these two genera had been placed in Pisces — Thoracici, after Labrus, and Pisces - Abdominales, after Salmo, thus correctly placing them in juxtaposition to their nearest relatives in the context of eighteenth century ichthyology. Possibly Dryander was sufficiently good an ichthyologist to have made these critical determinations, but this seems unlikely. It is surely more probable that Broussonet, well known for his studies on fishes, re-examined these new genera of Solander's, for which drawings, manuscript accounts, and in the case of Nasutus at least specimens (still preserved in the British Museum (Natural History)) were available, and correctly allied them with their relatives in the Linnaean system. Whether this was done during his visits in Solander's life-time (1780— 1782) or on his later visit in 1786, after Solander's death, is not known. The latter seems more probable. There are two final points about Dryander's catalogue. Firstly, the detailed listing by Dryander makes it possible to confirm that all the drawings listed in the mid- 17 80s are still present. This shows that in the class Insecta a considerable number of Endeavour drawings, especially those made by Alexander Buchan are no longer in the main collection. (These are discussed in more detail earlier, see p. 7.) Secondly, most of the entries for the Cook voyage drawings are obliquely crossed through in pencil. In many cases it is a strong pencil stroke running through the set of entries, sometimes as many as twelve crossed through at once; in others one or two drawings specifically out of a set are scored through. This system of cancelling the entries looks crude, even careless, but is in practice most specific and exact. Its significance cannot be explained. It seems unlikely to have been done as a result of checking the individual drawings, as these were in four separate collections, for then an individual mark would have been more appropriate (indeed some, notably the Ellis bird drawings, are individually marked with a tick in possibly the same coarse pencil). Possibly a separate list of Cook voyages drawings was compiled from this catalogue, and the entries in the original were then cancelled. If this was so then the later list seems not to have survived. solander's zoological manuscripts The surviving manuscripts of Daniel Solander in British collections have recently been catalogued by Diment & Wheeler (1984). Those that relate to the Endeavour voyage are discussed below in greater detail, but are referred to the Diment & Wheeler catalogue by the item numbers; these numbers (e.g. D. & W. 40c) are also used in the following catalogue of the animal drawings to indicate each manuscript, although in addition abbreviated titles (e.g. P.A.O.P.) are also quoted. The abbreviated titles are identified below. l6 THE £ND£AVOl/R ANIMAL DRAWINGS ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS Original descriptions of fishes and other animals obtained on Cook's First Voyage, with notes from the Iceland Voyage. 382 p.; 20 cm. (D. & W. 40) This is a bound volume containing five manuscripts, the first four of which pertain to the Endeavour voyage. Each relates to a different geographical area and is compiled in the order of the acquisition of new specimens (or, at least, in the order in which they were described although the chronological sequence was ultimately fundamental). The manuscript is in the hand of Solander although indexes to two sections were made by Sporing. It is mostly written in ink but there are pencil notes and several smaller slips of paper are inserted although these are mostly vocabularies or rough notes of little direct relevance to the main manuscript. This manuscript was held in the Botany Department of the Museum until 1875 when it was transferred to the Library of the Zoology Department. Each section of the manuscript is foliated separately in a contemporary hand; the whole was recently (1980) paginated to include all slips and covers. These numbers are referred to as f. (= folios) and p. (= pages) respectively. The four Endeavour manuscripts are: Pisces Australiae 54 numbered folios, total pagination 1-76; (D. & W. 40a), referred to here as P. A. Australia in this context refers to New Zealand. Contains descriptions of 41 species of fishes, and one bird, Pelecanus leucogaster (p. 59) on a tipped-in, pencil- written slip. An alphabetically arranged index to the manuscript, which also serves as a list of specimens preserved (69 fishes in total) and the serial number allotted to each species, occupies p. 62— 75. Pisces&c. Novae Hollandiae 19 numbered folios, total pagination 77—106; (D. & W. 40b), referred to here as P.N.H. Contains descriptions of fishes (13 species), one bird, Falco vidua (p. 79), and a crustacean, Cancer lituratus (p. 88). The running head to the pages identifies the group entered on the page, as Pisces or Pisces & Insecta (Insecta Aptera for Cancer), and Amphibia (these last referring to the rays and sharks which were placed in Amphibia Nantes). There is no index to this section. Nova Hollandia (New Holland) was the name in use for Australia at the time of the voyage. Pisces £2? Anim. caetera Oceani Pacifici 140 + 7 numbered folios (numerous unfoliated leaves); p. 107-298 (D. & W. 40c) referred to here as P.A.O.P. This manuscript comprises several parts. Descriptions of animals from Tahiti occupy f. 1- 1 28 (p. 1 13— 248), from f. 129-140 (p. 249-260) fishes only are described 'got at the other Islands in the South Seas' (quoted from a note on the inside front cover), and separately foliated 1 -7 (p. 26 1 -267) are descriptions of birds from Tahiti and Raiatea. An extensive index to the manuscript (p. 285— 292) lists the species as they are described, also giving the serial number of the specimen, the number of specimens preserved, the number of the 'cagg' (a small barrel) in which they are preserved; vernacular names are also given here as well as in the formal description for many of the fishes. In this manuscript Tahiti was originally named George Land, or Otaheite and variant spellings. Most of the fishes described from 'other Islands in the South Seas' were captured at Ulhaietea (= Raiatea) p. 249-254, but a tuna, identified as Scomber thynnus, Linnaeus, 1758 was described from Ohitirhoa (= 2i°47' I5i°9') on August 13, i769(p.255-259). solander's zoological manuscripts 17 This manuscript is mostly concerned with fishes, but some birds are described, as noted above, namely A rdea nigricans, Columba pectoralis (p. 261), Hirundo fuliginosa, Anas fasciata (p. 262), Ardea nivea, Cuculus otaheitensis (p. 263), Pelecanus otaheitensis (p. 265), Alcedo superhitiosa (p. 266), and Sterna fuliginosa from Ulhaietea (p. 267). Animals other than fishes and birds are described within the body of the text on Tahiti as follows, Lacerta soleata (p. 239), Anguis platura (p. 221), Asterias crasissima (p. 241), Cancer escarlatinus (p. 198), Cancer fas ciatus (p. 188), Cancer marmoratus (p. 197), and Sepia octopodia (p. 159). There are numerous sheets bearing pencil notes, some being descriptions of animals, others being words collected for vocabularies of the Tahitian language. The entries on pp. 255-259 have been deleted by means of vertical black and red lines running the length of the page. These pages were not transcribed into the fair copy of the manuscript (see D. & W. 41) but are present in C.S.D. (D. & W. 42), see below. Animalia J avanensia & Capensia 30 numbered folios, total pagination 299—352; (D. & W. 40d) referred to here as A.J.C. This short manuscript is divided into two, Animalia J avanensia (p. 30 1—3 04) and Animalia Capensia (p. 3 07— 3 30). There are several sheets of pencil notes, some of which may have no relevance to these sections of the manuscript, and p. 345— 347 are descriptions of birds {Anas circia, Charadrius pluvialis, and Falco ossifragus) some of which refer to the Iceland journey and are related to the fifth manuscript Pisces Islandici, which despite its title refers to mammals and birds in Iceland as well as fishes. The first entry for this manuscript is dated 8 October 1770 and briefly described a bat Vespertilio vampyrus and a plover, Charadrius pluvialis, one of four shot on a small island close to Pulo Pari (5°$2'S. io6°38'E) in the Agenieten group (Groves, 1962). Two other Javan animals are described, Sciurus musarum and Cervus plicatus (p. 301), and there is a list (p. 303) of vernacular names of animals from Princes Island (= Prinsen-eiland, off West Java) including mammals, birds, a turtle, and marine invertebrates. The Animalia Capensia includes descriptions of nine birds, Rallus cristatus, Diomedea demersa, Scolopax leucocephala, Anas leucops, Anas maculatus, Anas pilearis, Anas monstrosa, Ardea pelearis (p.307-314), Otis pavoninus, Vultur protheus (p.322- 325), and several mammals, Capra torticornis, Capra migratorius, Capra spiricornis, Capra rupestris, Bos equinus I barbatus , Simia ursina (p. 3 15-322) and Viverra suricatt (p. 327). By the inclusion of a reference to a drawing (Fig. Pict.) it is obvious that Banks had purchased drawings from a local source in South Africa; (Wheeler (19840) suggested the Brants, who entertained Banks when the Endeavour was at the Cape). It is possible that some of the animals described were seen in captivity at the Cape. There is a striking contrast between the highly organized and neat note making of the first part of the voyage and the rather disordered notes in this section of the manuscript when Solander and most of Banks's team were sick and Sporing and Parkinson dead, after their stay in Batavia. Slip catalogue containing descriptions of animals in the British Museum and other collections, including species collected by Solander, some during Cook's first voyage 27 volumes. 4842 sheets. Mostly 10 X 16 cm but varies. Referred to here as S.C. (D. & W. 45) l8 THE £ND£AVOt/fi ANIMAL DRAWINGS This Slip Catalogue was originally kept as loose sheets in Solander boxes but the sheets are now bound in volumes. The Slip Catalogue was described by Diment & Wheeler (1984) and was discussed by Wheeler (19844 & b) who concluded that it was essentially a loose-leaf filing system devised by Solander to keep his zoological notes in an adaptable and readily available form. Some of the notes date from the period before he left Sweden in 1760, others record his own collections in England, a few record descriptions of Endeavour specimens, while many record notes taken while cataloguing the collections of the British Museum, and private collections like those of Joseph Banks, Lady Anne Monson, the Duchess of Portland, and Lady Bute. The Mollusca volumes are rich in entries referring to the Portland collection. Further detailed study of the Slip Catalogue would be a valuable exercise because it presents a partial survey of the holdings of these important collections and illustrates the standing of collections in London in the middle years of the eighteenth century, many of which were later dispersed and the specimens have disappeared or lost their identity. Wilkins (1955) made a brief analysis of the Mollusca volumes. For the present, however, only descriptions of animals which come from localities visited by the Endeavour, or for which there is other literary or artistic evidence of its origin on Cook's first voyage, are listed. These are given by volume, folio number, Solander's name (which is on many occasions unpublished), and notes of the locality. Mammalia - {.^ Simia satyrus (Batavh, 13 December 1770), f.90 Kanguru saliens (New Holland), f. 101 Cervus axis (Java). AvES-f.23 Psittacus (New Holland, possibly not Endeavour specimen), f. 126 Anas antarctica (Tierra del Fuego), f.151 Diomedea exulans (23 December 1768, 3 March 1769), f.157 D. exulans var. (3 February 1769), f. 159 D. exulans var. (2 October 1769, 6 January 1770, n April 1770), f. 160 D. antarctica (1 February 1769), f. 162 D. profusa (3 February 1769, 15 February 1769), f. 164 D. impavida (11 April 1770), f. 168 Pelecanus aquilus (America meridionali), f. 170 P. antarcticus (Tierra del Fuego), f. 1 7 1 P. sectator (24 December 1769), f. 1 74 (New Holland), f. 1 80 Phaeton athereus (Tahiti), f. 1 8 1 P. erubescens (southern ocean, Tahiti), f. 1 90 Larus gregarius (Tierra del Fuego), f. 194 L. crepidatus (within the tropics), f. 196 L. fuliginosus (Rio de Janeiro), f. 197 L. nigricans (Brasil), f.201 L. skua (Ocean Australiam), f.208 Sterna nasuta (New Holland), f.210 S. nigripes (Tahiti), f.240 Otis pileata (Bustard Bay, New Holland), f.267 Loxia nitens (Brasil), f.275 Motacilla avida (28 September 1768), f.277 M. velificans (3 September 1768). Amphibia - f. 14 Testudo my das (New Holland), f. 16 T. caretta (south Atlantic Ocean), f. 104 Boa pelagica (Mare Pacifico), f. 139 Anguis marina (New Holland - New Guinea), f. 143 Raja areata (Totaranui, New Zealand), f. 153 R. nasuta (Totaranui, N.Z.), f. 159 R. aquila (Murderer's Bay, N.Z.), f. 1 62 R. rostrata (New Holland), f. 189 Squalus lima (off Novam Zelandica), f. 1 93 S. mystax (New Holland, Sting Ray's Bay), f.207 S. carcharias, f.21 1 S. glaucus (Osnabrugh Island), f.238 Balistes monoceros (Atlantic Ocean), f.261 Diodon erinaceus (Atlantic Ocean, 7 October 1768), f.296 Syngnathus pelagicus ("Fuco natante Oceani Atlanti"). Pisces - volume 1, f.8 Muraena guttata (Madeira & Rio de Janeiro), f.99 Coryphaena hippurus (meristics for two fishes given); f. 107 C. novacula (Madeira), f. 1 30 Scorpaena patriarcha (Madeira), f. 1345. chorista (Madeira), f. 1 56 Pleuronectes rhomboides (Madeira), f. 16 1 Chaetodon gigas (Brasil at Rio de Janeiro), f. 166 C. cyprinaceus (mid- Atlantic, 15 October 1768), f. 168 C. incisor (Brasil), f. 176 C. luridus (Madeira), f. 193 Sparus sargus (Madeira), f.200 S. griseus (Madeira), f.208 S. mundus (Madeira), f.2 16 Callyodon rubinosum (Madeira). - volume 2, f. 1 1 Labrus lunaris (Madeira), f.27 Sciaena angustata (Madeira), f.305. labiata (Brasil), f.34-S. rubens (Brasil), f. 57 Perca asellina (Rio de Janeiro), f.59P. nebulosa (Brasil), f.63P. solander's zoological manuscripts 19 decorata (Madeira), f.67 P. imperator (Madeira), f. 94 5 comber scombrus (Madeira), f.95 S. pelamis (Rio de Janeiro), f. 101 S. thynnus (Ohitirhoa, Pacific Ocean), f. 106 S. lanceolatus (Thrum Cap Island, Pacific Ocean), f. 1 1 1 S. serpens (Canary Islands), f. 1 1 5 S.falcatus (Brasil), f. 1 1 9 S. trachurus (Madeira), f. 121 S. amia (Brasil), f. 125 S. saltatrix (off Brasil), f. 128 Mullus barbatus (Otaheite), f.209 Mugilalbula (Otaheite), f.2 13 Exocoetus volitans (Atlantic Ocean), f. 269-272 are lists of fishes from Brasil and Rio de Janeiro, f. 274-279 are lists of fishes from Madeira with vernacular names. Mollusca - volume 1, f. 13 Fasciola pelami (in Scomber pelamis Atlantic Ocean, 1 October 1768), f. \\Fasciola tenacissima (in Squalus glaucus southern ocean 1 1 April 1 769), f. 1 7 Sipunculuspiscium (in Scomber pelamis 1 October 1768), f. 19 Limax ramentaceus (southern ocean 1, 2 October 1769; 11 January 1770), f.23 Mimus volutator (Atlantic Ocean, 4 October 1768, southern ocean 13 March 1769, 11 April 1770), f .26 Doris complanata (southern ocean ^September 1769, 13 April 1770), {.44 Actinia natans (southern ocean, 12 April 1770), f. 50 Dagysa gemma (numerous localities), f.52 D. nobilis (no data); f.53 D. saccata (Atlantic Ocean near Spain, 3 September 1768), f. 55 D. volva (Atlantic Ocean, 3 October 1768), f . 5 7 Z) . limpida (Atlantic Ocean, 4 October 1768), f.58Z). lobata (Atlantic Ocean, 4 September 1768), f.6o D. corputa (Atlantic Ocean, 2 September, 6 September 1768, 6 October 1769), f.62 D. vitrea (Atlantic Ocean, 7 October 1768, southern ocean, 3 February 1769, 13 April 1770), f.64 D. vitrea (no data), f.66 D. rostrata (Atlantic Ocean, 1768, southern ocean, 2 October 1769), f. 68 D. strumosa (Atlantic Ocean near Straits of Gibraltar, and off New Holland, 23 April 1770), L70D. serena (southern ocean, 2 October 1769, 1 1 January 1770), f.72 D. polyedra (southern ocean, 2 October 1769), f. 80 Holothuria physalis (Atlantic ocean), f. 83 H. physalis (surface between the Tropics, 7°S Lat.), f.84 H . physalis (Atlantic Ocean, 22, 23 December 1768), f. 86 H. obtusa (Pacific Ocean, 3 February 1769, 1 1 January, 1 1 April, 23 April 1770), f.89 Scyllaea pelagica (surface of Atlantic in floating algae), f.97 Sepia octopodia (Madeiran vernacular), f.99 Calliroe bivia (surface of tropical Atlantic), f. 102 Medusa rutilans (Atlantic Ocean between the Tropics), f. 104 M . porpita (Atlantic between Madeira and the Canaries; southern ocean, 13 April 1770), f. 107 M. punctulata (Rio de Janeiro), f. 1 10 M. plicata (between Tierra del Fuego and Staten Land), f. 112 M. radiata (off Rio de Janeiro, 13 April 1770 (sic); New Holland, 23 April 1770), f. 1 13 M.fimbriata (Rio dejaniero harbour), f. 1 14M. vitrea (southern ocean, ^September 1769, 2 October 1769), f. 1 16 M. crystallina (off Brasil), f. 1 17 M. limpidissima (Tierra del Fuego), f. 1 19 M. obliquata (near Tierra del Fuego), f. 120 M. pellucens (off Brasil), f. 122 M. pelagica (Atlantic Ocean - several dates; New Zealand, 23 April 1770), f. 124 M. circinnata (Sting Rays bay, New Holland), f. 126 Phyllodoce velella (Atlantic Ocean, 7 October 1768; southern ocean, several dates), f. 134 Beroe marsupium (Atlantic Ocean), f. 135 B. bilabiata (Atlantic Ocean), f. 137 B. incrassata (Atlantic near Tierra del Fuego), f. 139 5. carolata (Atlantic near Brasil), f. 140 5. coarctata (southern ocean, 2 & 6 October 1769), f. 142 B. biloba (southern ocean, 13 April 1770). - volume 2, f.77 Lepas anserifera (southern ocean, 23 October 1769), £.79 L. anatifera (Atlantic Ocean), f.82 L. fascigularis (Bay of Biscay, 7 July 1771), f. 86 L. pellucens (surface off Brasil), f. 88 L. vittata (on Endeavour between Canaries and Brasil), f.91 L. asperata (southern ocean, 1 October 1769, 1 1 January 1770), f. 155 Solen radiatus (Java), f. 158 S. albatus (Java). - volume 3, f.46 Tellina radiata (Brasil), f.94 T. rugosa (Pacific Ocean near Tahiti). - volume 4, f.2 8 Donax cuneata (Nova Cambria)*, f.73 Venus plebeja (Nova Cambria)*, f. 8 1 V. maculata (Nova Cambria* & Brasil), f. 107 V.fimbriata (Pacific Ocean )t, f. 1 10 V. reticulata (Nova Cambria)*, f.ui V. rigida (Brasil), f.120 V. dilata (Brasil)t, f.i33 v - pectinata (Pacific Ocean)t, f. 1 72 V.juvenea (Nova Cambria)*, f. 1 86 V. erosa (Pacific near Nova Cambria)*, f. 201 V. opaea (Nova Cambria, Nova Zelandia)*. -volume 5, f.7 v. Spondylus gaderopus (Pacific), f.29 Chama calyculata (Pacific Ocean)t, f.63 Area barbata (Pacific Ocean)t, f.67 A. modiolus (Nova Cambria)*, f.91 A. abbreviata (Nova Cambria)*!, f. 106 A. duplicata (Nova Cambria)*, f. 1 22 A. plebeja (Nova Cambria)*, f. 1 23 A. puella (Nova Cambria)*, f. 126 A. striatula (Nova Cambria)*, f.i^oA. turgens (Nova Cambria)*. 20 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS — volume 6, f.53 Ostrea lima (Pacific Ocean, Nova Cambria)*, f.54 0. malleus (Pacific Ocean, Nova Cambria)*, f.75 0. cimplanata (grows on ships in the ocean). — volume 7, f.50 Mytilus margaritiferus (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti), f.59 M. senilis (New Zealand, Pacific Ocean)t, f.61 M.jubatus (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti)!, f. 83 M. discurs (New Zealand), f.96 M. durus (Pacific Ocean, Nova Cambria)t, f. 129 Pinna dentata (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti)"!". — volume 8, f.5 Conus imperialis {} (Pacific Ocean)t, f. 15 C. virgo (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti), f.45 C. ebreus a (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti), f.57 C. striatus (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti)!, f. 76 C. arenatus [5 (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti), f.81 C. asper (Pacific Ocean)!, f. 167 C. olivaceous (Pacific Ocean)!, f. 1 8 1 C. pulicanus (Pacific Ocean, Tahiti). — volume 9, f.2i Cypraea caputserpentis g (Tahiti), f.64 C. achatina (Tahiti), f. 68 C. aurora (Tahiti), f. 98 C. pressa (Tahiti), f. 122 Bulla imperialis (Pacific Ocean, near Tahiti). — volume 10, f.30 Voluta oliva q (Tahiti). — volume n, f. 16 Voluta aspera (Pacific Ocean near Tahiti), f.26 V. carbonaria (Pacific Ocean, New Holland), f. 88 V. insularis (Pacific Ocean near Tahiti). — volume 12, none. — volume 13, f.63 Buccinum validum (sea near New Zealand), f. 115 Murex tritonis (Madeira). — volume 14, f.3 Turbo fluitans (Pacific Ocean, 21 March 1769), f. 17 Helix violacea (Atlantic Ocean between the tropics), f. 19 H . janthina (Fig.Pict.) f.61 Alcyonium frustrum (Atlantic off southern America), f.62 A. anguillare (Atlantic Ocean near Tierra del Fuego). Lepidoptera - 1 and 2 none. Neuroptera & Hymenoptera - f. 198 Vespa tepida (Labyrinth Bay, New Holland), f.200 V. spiricornis (Stingrays Bay, N.H.), f.206 V. humilis (Stingrays Bay, N.H.), f.208 V. rudis (Labyrinth Bay, N.H.), f.215 Apis concinna (Stingrays Bay, N.H.), f.228 A. astuans (Labyrinth Bay, N.H.), f.233 Formica medullaris (Bustard Bay, Labyrinth Bay, N.H.), f.234 Formica viridis (Bustard Bay, Labyrinth Bay, N.H.). DlPTERA & APTERA-f.72 Podura maritima (Bay of Biscay), f.93 Pediculus procellaria (on Procellaria crepidata, Atlantic Ocean), f.94 P. diomedea (on Diomedea, S. Atlantic Ocean), f.95 P. clypeatus (on Phaetontis & Procellaria, Pacific Ocean), f. 100 Acarus motacillae (on Motacilla avida, 70 nautical miles off Cape Blanco, Africa), f. 101 Acarus phaetontis (on Phaetontis in southern Ocean), f. 1 13 Cancer quadratus (Funchal, Madeira), f. 1 16 C. ocellatus (New Holland), f. 1 18 C. pelagicus (New Holland), f. 121 C. bulla (Bustard Bay, New Holland), f. 123 C. natatilis (New Holland), f. 125 C. depurator (Atlantic Ocean); f. 136 C. caerulescens (tropical Atlantic Ocean); f. 142 C. amplectans (Atlantic Ocean off Brasil), f. 145 C.fulgens (off Brasil at surface), f. 150 C. crassicornis (off Brasil at surface), f. 153 C. gregarius (off Patagonia), f. 165 C. vitreus (off Brasil at surface), f. 182 Monoculus piscinus (on Scomber Pelamid Atlantic Ocean), f. 192 Carcinium opalinum (near France, Atlantic Ocean), f. 1 94 C. macrouram (near France, Atlantic Ocean), f. 1 98 Onidium gibbosum (near Portugal, Atlantic Ocean, inside Dagysas), f.202 O. oblongatum (Atlantic Ocean, inside Dagysas), f.206 O. spinosum (Atlantic Ocean), f/213 Oniscus chelipes (in algae off France, Atlantic Ocean). HEMIPTERA — f. 2 Blatta domestica (in Madeira culinis - not described). Coleoptera - vol. 3 f. 1 39 Meloe ruficollis (in the ship August 26, 1768 - the day the Endeavour sailed!). The Mollusca volumes in particular are difficult to interpret with regard to Endeavour material. Many slips deriving from the Portland collection and also Banks's collection are localized simply Pacific Ocean and in general these are not itemized above. Solander's work on the Portland shells was undertaken late in his life and two entries with 'Habitat in Oceano solander's zoological MANUSCRIPTS 21 pacifico' are also dated 1 780 (Mollusca vol. 1 1 , f.48 Voluta decorata, and f.63 V.fuliginosa). Clearly these specimens could have been collected on the Resolution, or some other voyage to the Pacific. The point is reinforced by two entries in Mollusca volume 4 (f. 157 Venus peregrina and f. 162 V. antiquatd) where the entry is for Pacific Ocean and 'Novam Cambriam' respectively and the source of the specimens is J.R. Forster which is deleted and JB (= Joseph Banks) substituted. These specimens were therefore collected by Forster on the Resolution and were sold (or given) to Banks for his collection. The locality Nova Cambria which occurs in one of these cases was a later usage than the Endeavour voyage when the eastern Australian coast was usually refered to as New Holland. It might therefore be inferred that all the references to Nova Cambria in the slip catalogue relate to post- Endeavour voyage specimens. The entries for Nova Cambria, mostly in volumes 4, 5 and 6, are asterisked in the above summary (*). Parenthetically, it can be said that the notes on Phyllodoce velella . . . are dated 20 August 1772, with position 59°44'N, io°io'W of London. They thus derive from three large specimens collected by Banks on that day from his small boat which he launched during a calm, about 90 miles southwest of the Faroes. This was much further north than he expected to find the species which in his experience came no higher than Mediterranean latitudes. [See Banks, Joseph 1772, Journal of a Voyage to the Hebrides, Iceland and the Orkneys, BM(NH) General Library, typescript copy by H.B. Carter, f. 39.] The possession of specimens in the Banks or Portland collections does not necessarily prove that they were part of the Endeavour collection, even if they have the general locality associated with one of the places visited on the voyage, because both collectors certainly re- ceived later-collected material. In the case of Solander's personal collection, however, it can be fairly assumed that if he possessed a shell (and Banks also had the same species) then it was an Endeavour specimen. The incidences of this are denoted in the above lists by a dagger (t). COPIES OF ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPTS Fair copy of descriptions of fishes and other animals obtained on Cook's First Voyage. 40 1 p. 20cm. (D. & W. 41) This is a bound volume of transcriptions of the first three zoological manuscripts discussed above (D. & W. 40a-c), the handwriting having been identified as that of Banks's Amanuensis B by Marshall (1978). It follows the original closely although the writer adopted a more disciplined use of underlining and has rearranged certain sections within some descriptions to produce a more consistent layout. In both P. A. and P.N.H. the entries for birds and crustaceans have been copied, but the bird descriptions in P.A.O.P. are not reproduced. None of the tipped-in sheets of vocabularies in the original are copied. The only major difference from the original sections (apart from the omission of A.J. C. and the notes on Icelandic fishes and birds) is that each separate description commences on the recto of a new leaf even if it continues for two following pages. This may merely be an aspect of the greater discipline in layout, but it could have resulted in a loose-leaf system capable of resorting into systematic or alphabetical sequences. Copies of Solander's Descriptions of Animals, made during Captn. Cook's First Voyage [loose title-page, sheet 23 cm] . (D. & W. 42) A fair copy of the descriptions of animals observed during Capt. Cook's first voyage 512 p. 32.5 cm. 22 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Both titles refer to the same manuscript which is a later copy of Solander's descriptions of animals made during the Endeavour voyage. The recorded pagination is the total in a later hand, but at some time it has been reorganized with a double sequence of numbers between f. 133 and f.279 — the numbers were probably inserted by Averil Lysaght in the 1950s for she re-ordered the sheets, and indexed the manuscript then. This manuscript is a copy of many of Solander's notes on marine animals and land birds caught at sea. It comprises descriptions of birds p. 1-123, reptiles p. 125— 131, theLinnaean class Amphibia Nantes (sharks, rays, trigger fishes etc) p. 133—197, fishes p. 199—277, and invertebrates p. 279—5 11. It is arranged in accordance with the twelfth edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae (1766— 1767), with hitherto unrecognized species marked for insertion between two numbered species in that edition. However, it does not include all the marine fishes recorded in other manuscripts notably P.A.O.P. (D. & W. 40c), although all the fishes recorded in the Slip Catalogue (D. & W. 45) Pisces 1 and 2 which were those caught at Madeira, in the tropical Atlantic and at Rio de Janeiro are included, and isolated species from the Pacific (Raja aquilla from Murderer's Bay, New Zealand, Scomber lanceolatus and Scomber thynnus from the tropical Pacific Ocean, and Squalus glaucus from Osnabrugh Island also tropical Pacific) are included. Of these only Scomber thynnus from Osnabrugh Island is included in P.A.O.P. in which manuscript it has been deleted. For birds again most of the entries are copies of those descriptions in the Slip Catalogue (S.C. Aves), while none of those described in the three Pacific Ocean manuscripts (P. A., P.N.H., and P.A.O.P.) have been transcribed. However, there are entries in this manuscript which are not now represented in the Slip Catalogue notably the Solander petrel genera Procellaria and Nectris for which there are no sheets in S.C. This may, of course, mean no more than that they were lost, or removed from the Slip Catalogue at some time after the copy was made. The entries for invertebrates contain a heavy preponderance of Atlantic Ocean specimens described but some Pacific Ocean entries are included. These can only have been copied from the Slip Catalogue, because there are only six (mostly crustaceans in the genus Cancer according to Solander) included in the other manuscripts (P.A.O.P. and P.N.H.) and significantly none of these are included in the present manuscript. The conclusion therefore is that this copy of Solander's notes was made primarily from the loose slips which he employed for his Slip Catalogue, although limited use was made of the manuscripts from the Pacific part of the voyage. This copy was therefore a bringing-together of the scattered Endeavour notes in the Slip Catalogue because until the expedition reached the Pacific Ocean Solander had recorded his zoological notes on slips, not in a chronologically sequenced journal such as he used in New Zealand, Australia, and the islands of the Pacific. This manuscript has been said to be incomplete by Marshall (1978) who wrote 'Many sheets are obviously missing'. Certainly, the manuscript was at one time disordered until in the 1950s Averil Lysaght put parts of it into order following Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, but there is no evidence that any part of it is missing. It is certainly incomplete in that it is a copy of only part of Solander's notes from the Endeavour voyage, but there is no evidence that it was ever intended to form a complete record of the zoology of the voyage. Possibly Marshall was influenced to make this claim because other authors have claimed that this manuscript copy was 'lost' for many years. The origin of the statement was Gregory Mathews (19 12- 19 13) who wrote, 'The MS. was Banks' property, and was mislaid until I discovered it in the British Museum', supplemented by Iredale (19 13) who repeatedly asserted that the manuscript had been 'thrust into some corner' until Mathews's persistent THE COLLECTION AS A ZOOLOGICAL RESOURCE 23 enquiries had revealed it put away and labelled as 'Copies of Solander MSS'. Surprisingly for such a careful worker Lysaght (1959) repeated these statements that it had been mislaid and rediscovered. This manuscript was cited extensively by Kuhl (1 820), by Gray in 1 87 1 (see Iredale, 19 13), by Sharpe (1906), and was listed in the Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts , Maps and Drawings in the British Museum {Natural History) 5 (19 15), and it seems to have been well enough known at the time Mathews claimed to have rediscovered it. A manuscript copy of Solander's notes on fishes is in the Bibliotheque Centrale du Museum, Paris, (MS 1109). This transcription (of which I have seen a microfilm) comprises 358 folios and is alphabetically arranged by genus to include a total of 245 species. The handwriting does not appear to be the same as any of Banks's staff or amanuenses (J.B. Marshall, pers. comm.). It is probably in the hand of a clerk employed to take a copy. It derives descriptions from all the known manuscripts — P. A., P.N.H., P.A.O.P. (D. & W. 40a, b, c) from C.S.D. (D. &. W. 42), and the Slip Catalogue (Pisces 1 & 2) (D. & W. 45), and is therefore the only place in which all the descriptions of fishes from both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans are gathered together. A copy of Solander's notes, and copies of many Parkinson drawings were made for Cuvier (the drawings by Mrs Bowdich) and were cited by both Cuvier and Valenciennes in their Histoire naturelle des Poissons ( 1 828— 1 848). This Paris manuscript is probably the one made for Cuvier. The original manuscripts and the Banksian fair copies were kept in Banks's library in close proximity to the drawings. They were catalogued by H.F. Cary and H.H. Baber in January 1832 (see Diment & Wheeler, 1984) and all the zoological manuscripts can now be recog- nized except for a quarto Catalogues of South Sea fishes, which is no longer present in the col- lection. The manuscripts were later with Robert Brown in the British Museum and thus still in close association with the drawings. Not until the late nineteenth century were the zoo- logical manuscripts transferred to the Zoological Department, and the major one Original descriptions of fishes and other animals (D. & W. 40) was accessioned in that Library in 1875. The Collection as a Zoological Resource At the time of the Endeavour voyage (1 768-1 771) the state of systematic zoology was represented by the twelfth edition of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae (1766- 1767). A copy of this work was taken on the voyage and was clearly used as a 'field guide', albeit an incomplete guide and valid only for that part of the voyage in the Atlantic Ocean. Possibly it is this copy which is now preserved in the Zoology Library of the British Museum (Natural History) bound with interleaving and copious notes in Solander's handwriting, although I now incline to the view that these annotations were made after the conclusion of the voyage. Nevertheless this edition of Linnaeus was the latest state of the art when the Endeavour sailed. As such it can now be seen to be very imperfect, being especially poor in its representation of the tropical marine and terrestrial faunas in general and of the biota of the Indian and Pacific Oceans and their marginal landmasses in particular. With the return of the expedition there is clear evidence that the primary objective of Joseph Banks was the production of a series of books describing the botany of the voyage (Carter et al. 198 1 , Diment et al. 1984). Although a great deal was accomplished towards this objective it finally foundered probably from several causes, amongst them the death in 1782 of the naturalist Daniel Solander (Wheeler, 1984a, b), the spiralling cost of book 24 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS production, the political situation in Europe in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth cen- turies, and the increasing preoccupation of Banks with other affairs. Possibly had the pro- jected great botanical work been finished and published Banks might have turned to the pre- paration of a comparable book on the animals of the Endeavour voyage. However, this seems never to have been seriously considered. Unlike the botanical drawings none of the animal drawings were finished or copied by Banks's later team of artists, and so far as is known, none was ever engraved on copper plates as a first step towards printing. The most that was attempted was the reproduction of Solander's zoological manuscripts by copyists (see Diment & Wheeler, 1984, numbers 41 and 42) but these copies were more likely to have been made as an 'insurance' against the loss of data in the event that the originals were destroyed. Of the two, number 42, the Copies of Solander s Descriptions, was the nearly complete compilation of Solander's notes made on the voyage presented in an organized and disciplined manner such as would be needed were the results to be collated for eventual publication. However, these notes were themselves incomplete for many of the animals, especially the invertebrates, which were collected during the voyage. It seems that so great was the concentration on the botanical collection and artistic and literary results that Solander never seriously worked on the animals collected. Not even the most dramatic of all, the kangaroos, even though a manuscript description was prepared and skins and at least one skull were brought to England, were ever formally described and published by Solander or Banks. Solander's later career as Banks's librarian and scientific aide and his increasing responsibilities within the British Museum left less and less time for work on the zoological material. In addition, he appears to have suffered from a disposition which rendered him unable to deny help when called upon by others. Thus, after the Endeavour voyage he continued his collaboration with John Ellis (1710— 1776) and in 1774 and 1775 was working on Ellis's, and John Fothergill's corals (and probably those collected during the voyage), while between January 1778 and June 1779 he was working on the shell collection of the Duchess of Portland. These distractions, as well as the voyage to Iceland with Banks from 12 July to 29 October 1772, must have all contributed to the gradual loss of impetus that the study of the Endeavour collections suffered. The few tangible results from the Endeavour expedition may have contributed to the adverse comments made about Solander by later authors. The comments of Smith (1821) were especially harsh, but Smith was only 23 years of age when Solander died and may never have met him. Moreover, his comments (which perhaps significantly were not published until after Sir Joseph Banks was dead) were probably prompted from a desire to disparage the naturalist who had so closely worked with Banks in his most vigorous years. Later authors parroted Smith's criticisms, and Boulger (1898) added that Solander 'published nothing independently', which was quite untrue (Wheeler, 1984^) but served to advance the prejudice shown by this and several later authors. However, whether as the result of a deliberate policy decision, or stemming from Banks's natural generosity in making available his collections and library to competent workers, the zoological material was studied from soon after the return of the Endeavour. Two such workers were outstanding. P.M. A. Broussonet (1761 — 1807) visited England for two years from 1780 and worked on Banks's collection and that of the British Museum especially on fishes. Broussonet's main publication from this collaboration was the first decade of the Ichthyologia (1782) in which ten species were described from Cook's voyages, some of which were from the Endeavour expedition. This was clearly intended to be the first of several decades under this title but no others were published. However, Broussonet is believed to THE COLLECTION AS A ZOOLOGICAL RESOURCE 25 have identified many of the fish drawings by writing binominal names on the sheet. Moreover, he communicated a list of names in the genus Chaetodon s.l. to J.F. Gmelin who published them in the thirteenth edition of the Systema Naturae (Gmelin, 1789). Several of these were manuscript names which derived from the Endeavour voyage. Later, Broussonet had a number of fishes from Banks's collection at the Faculty of Medicine in Montpellier which by 1828 had been sent to the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris where Cuvier, and later Valenciennes used them to supplement the notes made from the Solander manuscripts and the copies of the drawings while they were writing the Histoire naturelle des Poissons. Many of these preserved fishes are still in the Museum in Paris (23 specimens are listed by Bauchot (1969)). Bauchot, in her valuable study of this collection, showed that these came from both the first and second Cook voyages, and also that there were several from Jamaica (which was not visited during the Cook voyages). Either Banks had received specimens from Jamaica (perhaps from his botanical collector, Roger Shakespear), or these specimens actually came from the British Museum collection, for Shakespear had been the collector of a large number of Jamaican fishes described by Solander in the British Museum. Another scholar who used the Banksian collection, this time of arthropods, was J.C. Fabricius ( 1 745—1 808). A pupil of Linnaeus, he met Solander in London in 1767. At that time Solander was engaged in cataloguing the British Museum insect collection, and was actively collecting insects in the vicinity of London (Wheeler, 19840) — work which might have been stimulated by Fabricius's presence. From 1 772-1 775 Fabricius spent each summer in London and in his autobiography (Hope, 1 845) Fabricius recorded 'My friends Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander had returned from their voyage round the world, and had brought with them innumerable specimens of natural history and insects. I now lived very pleasantly. With Banks, Hunter and Drury, I found plenty of objects to engage my time, and every thing which could possibly be of service to me.' At Easter 1775 his Systema Entomologiae (Fabricius, 1775) was published, a work which in its perception of insect classification and description replaced the insect section of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. Of approximately 1 500 new taxa in the Systema Entomologiae about 500 were described from specimens in Banks's collection (Zimsen, 1964), many of which can be associated with the Endeavour voyage and others can be found in Fabricius's later works. Where drawings of the animal exist it is difficult to be certain whether Fabricius worked with the drawing, or the specimen or specimens from which the drawing was made, or perhaps from both drawing and specimen. In the case of the feather mite and many of the crustaceans he described, which were figured by Parkinson, it is probable that he saw the drawing. In any event, no specimens of these taxa from the Endeavour voyage can be found today so the drawings are the only available evidence of the features of the animal. They thus have some status as types for taxonomic purposes. This assumption that Fabricius made use of the artistic materials in Banks's collection is strengthened by the many names of Fabrician species which have been added to the drawings of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in the British Museum (Prints & Drawings 19938 and I99*BL) which Wheeler (1983) suggests were written by Fabricius in identifying the insects. Several of the species concerned were described as 'Mus. Dom. Banks' and this probably referred to the drawing by Parkinson in these collections. Several birds were described from Endeavour material while the collection was still in Joseph Banks's ownership, mostly by John Latham (1740- 183 7). For example, Cyanoram- phus zealandicus was described by Latham (178 1) as the 'Red-Rumped Parrot' based on 'a fine specimen . . . now at Sir Joseph Banks's', and Latham (1785) described the Black-billed 26 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Tropic Bird from a specimen in Banks's possession. However, Latham also made use of the drawings, perhaps in cases where no specimens existed and his account of the Frigate Petrel is based on the drawing in the collection (Latham, 1785; 1790). The French artist and naturalist C.A. Lesueur (1778— 1 846) who, with Francois Peron, laid the foundations of the study of the Phyllum Cnidaria, examined the Endeavour drawings of medusae and on some wrote notes, referring to their classification. These notes on the drawings are quoted in the annotations in the Catalogue. Lesueur visited England in 18 15 when he was on his way from France to North America at the commencement of his exploration of the natural history of that continent. Whether Lesueur saw only the drawings is not known, but he must have examined them in Banks's Library at that time, when Solander's manuscripts were also kept there (but Solander had been dead for thirty years at the time of his visit). Although a specimen of Physalia physalis is believed to be still in existence from the voyage it seems unlikely that many medusae had been preserved, or survived in preservatives from the voyage. Another naturalist who studied the drawings and used them for descriptions of new animals was Heinrich Kuhl (1 797-1 821). Kuhl (1820) described several species of petrel (Procellaridae) using the Parkinson drawings as the basis for his descriptions (see, for example numbers 23 and 24 this catalogue). He appears to have cited only the drawings and made no reference to the Solander manuscripts, but in several cases adopted Solander's unpublished binominal name. From the date at which Kuhl's names were published it is clear that he saw the drawings while they were still Banks's property and kept at Soho Square. Other naturalists during Banks's lifetime undoubtedly enjoyed the use of the drawings but have left little evidence of the use to which they put them. Some received information from Banks directly and reproduced copies of the drawings, for example J. Macartney (18 10) in his study of luminous animals quotes Banks on the light production of a small crustacean (see number 226 in this catalogue), as well as reproducing the figure of Cancer fulgens. After Banks's death in 1 820 the drawings became the property of Robert Brown, but by 1 827 they had passed to the British Museum. They were at first kept with the Banks botanical material presumably in the direct care of Robert Brown, and as late as August 1842 John Edward Gray ( 1 800— 1875) consulted the zoological drawings and manuscripts in the Botan- ical Department for his essay on the fauna of New Zealand (Gray, J.E. , 1 8430). Perhaps as early as 1 830 G.T. Lay and E.T. Bennett compared Parkinson's drawings of fishes from the tropical Pacific with those collected on Beechey's voyage on the Blossom ( 1 825— 1 828) and used at least one as the basis of their illustration, see number 1 3 1 in this catalogue. Some time after this both the drawings and the manuscripts had been consulted by Johannes Miiller (1 801 — 1858) and J . Henle ( 1 809- 1 8 8 5) for their definitive treatment of the sharks and rays (Miiller & Henle, 183 8-1 841). Although their introduction was dated November 1840 this must have been written for production with the third and final Heft of the volume, of which Heft 1 was issued in 1838. This means that their visit to London was earlier than 1838 when J.E. Gray made available the collections of the British Museum including the Banks and Solander materials and Hardwicke's collection of animal drawings. A number of the drawings from the Endeavour voyage were annotated by Miiller or Henle at the time of their visit. At around this period the drawings and sometimes the manuscripts were studied by a number of natauralists. John Richardson (1787-1865) identified many of the Endeavour drawings of fishes for his paper on the ichthyology of New Zealand (Richardson, 1843^), and also the Forster drawings from the Resolution voyage which had even greater relevance to New Zealand zoology. Several other of Richardson's publications on fishes of the Pacific THE COLLECTION AS A ZOOLOGICAL RESOURCE 27 region contain references to the Parkinson drawings (e.g. Richardson, 18420, 1842^, 1848) and there is little doubt that he had examined the collection in its entirety in 1 840-1 841. During the 1840s George Robert Gray (1808-1872) made use of the bird drawings and cited the Parkinson drawing of the Red-tailed Tropic Bird (see number 3 1 in this catalogue) in his catalogue of the birds in the collection of the British Museum (Gray, G.R., 1844). The numerous citations of drawings of fishes by Richardson and Cuvier and Valenciennes (who worked from copies of the drawings and an edited fair copy of Solander's fish manuscripts) resulted in the fish drawings becoming taxonomically more important than those of other zoological groups. This led Albert Giinther ( 1 830- 1 9 1 0) to examine some of them, and it is thought that a manuscript list of the fish drawings (which is stored with the volumes) was made at his instigation, although it is not in his handwriting. It is not certain, however, that Giinther actually studied the whole collection, but rather those drawings which had significance to some taxonomic problem. A contemporary of Giinther's, T.R.R. Stebbing (1 835-1926) examined the drawings of amphipod crustaceans in the collection in the early 1880s with Giinther's permission. His comments published in the volume describing the Challenger expedition Amphipoda (Stebbing, 1888) showed his appreciation of the importance of those drawings which in some cases had been the material on which J. C. Fabricius had based several species names more than a century earlier. Possibly no one had studied these amphipod crustacean drawings between the examination by Fabricius and that by Stebbing. The bird drawings from the Endeavour voyage (and other collections of drawings of birds) were all examined and listed by R. Bowdler Sharpe (1847— 1909) wri ° published his identifications in his essay of the bird collection in The History of the Collections in the Natural History Departments of the British Museum (Sharp, 1906). This was the single most important study of the bird drawings made, even though parts of the collection had been studied by earlier workers, notably Latham, Kuhl, and G.R. Gray as already discussed. His list formed the basis of part of Lysaght's (1959) later study of the bird paintings which had been in the library of Sir Joseph Banks. However, within the middle decades of the nineteenth century the emphasis of use had changed. Where the earlier authors, up to Richardson and J.E. Gray, had used the drawings to establish new taxa or to add to faunistic information, later authors (e.g. Giinther, Stebbing, and Sharpe) employed them as historical records of earlier naturalists. Thus, after a period of about a century from the voyage the drawings had assumed an archival value which they still retain. The importance of the zoological drawings is enhanced by the virtual disappearance of most of the zoological specimens since the return of the Endeavour: Whitehead (1 969, 1978) has painstakingly studied the dispersal of the zoological collections from the Cook voyages and showed that although much of the material from all three voyages came to Banks some of it was dispersed quite quickly while other material was kept by Banks to within a few years of his death. Unfortunately, as material from all the voyages was accumulated together, it is difficult to establish what part of it was Endeavour material at the time of its dispersal. The general details of the disperal of each group are given below, but further particulars should be sought in Whitehead's papers from which many of these details are culled. Mammals There is little evidence that mammal specimens were brought back by the Endeavour, and very few were described and only four were drawn. It is known that at least one skin and a skull of a kangaroo killed at the Endeavour River landing site was kept; 28 THE EiVD£AVO(/K ANIMAL DRAWINGS possibly the skins and skulls of all three kangaroo specimens were retained. At least two and possibly all three kangaroos were dressed and eaten. Banks gave one skull to John Hunter at some time before 1790, and this was later in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons but was destroyed by bombing there in 1 941 . A second skull was drawn by Nathaniel Dance, presumably while in Banks's possession, but it is not known when the drawing was made nor can it be proved that it was an Endeavour specimen although it is assumed to be so. There is no evidence that the skins survived (although one was stuffed see p. 33), and the whole specimen in spirit which Gray (1 843^) attributed to having come from Cook's voyages is too small to be the smallest recorded on the Endeavour voyage (Wheeler, 1984^). It cannot be proved that any other whole mammal specimen was brought back to England. Birds Banks is quoted as claiming to have brought back about 500 bird specimens (Whitehead, 1 969 , note 2 ) but this must have been an exaggeration from an expedition which yielded only 32 drawings of birds and 57 species described by Solander. It is true that some petrels were shot on numerous occasions (e.g. Procellaria velox was recorded on ten occasions (Lysaght, 1959)) but this would still not amount to 500 specimens. Moreover, a number of the larger birds were eaten after capture. Some of the birds were kept by Banks in whose house they were examined by Latham, Kuhl and other naturalists, but he presented New Zealand birds to the British Museum in January 1773 (which can only have been from the Endeavour voyage) and more New Zealand birds to Marmaduke Tunstall. There may have been alcohol-preserved birds in the donations of spirit material Banks made to John Hunter in 1 79 1 , and to the British Museum in the same year, but this is not certain. So far as can be established no Endeavour voyage birds have survived, which is not surprising in view of preservation techniques available in the eighteenth century other than alcohol preservation. Reptiles There is no evidence that many reptile specimens were brought to England. Two turtles were drawn on the voyage and it would have been surprising if they were not eaten soon after capture. At least two sea snakes were described and other reptiles mentioned but it is not known if they were preserved. However, a very small aquatic turtle from Batavia is known to have been preserved and kept at Soho Square until 179 1 (H.B. Carter pers. comm.). Fishes Banks's claim (see Whitehead 1969, note 2) that 500 specimens were brought back from the voyage can be accepted in the case of the fishes, for there are lists of preserved specimens in Solander's manuscripts which show that 389 fishes from the Pacific (other than Australia) were preserved. More were certainly saved from Madeira, and possibly Brazil as well; two or three Australian specimens are still preserved in Paris. It is presumed that Banks retained most of the specimens in alcohol at Soho Square until 1 79 1 when he gave about half to John Hunter and the remainder to the British Museum. Hunter's collection became in 1 800 the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and Banks's donation was known as the 'New Holland Division', an inapt title if fishes were included for, so far as is known, only two or three Australian specimens were preserved. Later (1 809) the Trustees of the British Museum sold a collection of duplicate specimens (which may have included some Banksian specimens) to the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1845 the College donated 348 specimens, some from the New Holland Division, to the British Museum. It is not known how many fishes were included in these transactions, or whether they were Endeavour specimens. The only specimens known to me in the Museum collection, which starting together (before 1 800) were reunited in 1845, one having gone to the College of Surgeons Museum either via John Hunter or through the Museum duplicates sale, while the other stayed in the British THE COLLECTION AS A ZOOLOGICAL RESOURCE 29 Museum, are two specimens of Bathystethus cultratus (Schneider, 1801); but these can be shown to be Resolution voyage specimens (Wheeler, 1 98 1). The collection of fishes which Banks gave to Broussonet, presumably around 17 80- 17 82 when Broussonet was in England, were later taken to Montpellier, where he held the Professorship in the Faculty of Medicine. Forty-six specimens were later transferred by Cuvier to Paris and the majority of these are still preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Bauchot (1969) listed the surviving 44 specimens; possibly as many as 10 could be Endeavour specimens. Other fish specimens are believed by Whitehead (1969) to have passed into the collection of Sir Ashton Lever (1729-1788) which was known as the Leverian Museum. It is not known how he obtained material from the Cook voyages, it may have been from Banks or it may have been through 'unofficial' collections made on the voyages. In 1 806 the Museum was sold by auction and the material widely dispersed. Two surviving lots of fishes were reported by Whitehead, one in the Naturhistorische Museum in Vienna, the other in the Cuming Museum in London. The Vienna specimen was probably purchased at the Leverian sale by Leopold von Fichtel acting on behalf of the Austrian emperor; the London one was certainly purchased by the natural history collector Richard Cuming, whose collection formed the Cuming Museum, South wark. Although Whitehead wrote that he searched the Cuming Museum and 'discovered' a box of dried fishes the credit for their discovery belongs properly to Raymond Chaplin when he was Assistant Curator at the Cuming Museum in the 1950s for he first drew them to attention. Invertebrates There is abundant indirect evidence for the collection of a large number of invertebrates but no lists of specimens and such material as has survived was widely dispersed and in most cases has lost such collection data as might have been expected to be associated with it. Various coelenterates were described and figured but there is no evidence that they were preserved and, with the exception of the siphonophore, Physaliaphysalis, already mentioned, which may be an Endeavour specimen, none are known to survive. The corals, which were neither figured nor described, were probably given to John Fothergill (17 12—1780), later purchased by William Hunter and thence passed to the Hunterian collection of the University of Glasgow. If any survive they are now in the Zoology Department of the University with shells and insects; but most have lost any supporting data. None of the salps described or figured are known to have survived. The mollusc shell collection must have been extensive but there is little contemporary evidence which enables us to assess how large it was or what it comprised. As collectable items shells enjoyed wide dispersal as gifts or by sales. Some were given to the Duchess of Portland (1714-1785) and were listed from Endeavour voyage localities in the manuscript at the Linnean Society of London, which I believe is a copy of Solander's catalogue of the collection (see Diment & Wheeler, 1984, number 57), and in the Portland Catalogue, the sale catalogue of her collection. From this sale specimens became widely distributed to other collectors. William Hunter also obtained Endeavour voyage shells when he purchased Fothergill's collection in 178 1 , and these also went to the University of Glasgow. Marmaduke Tunstall (1743- 1790) also received shells from the Endeavour voyage, presumably from Banks, at a sufficiently early date to be able to send about two hundred shells to Linnaeus (Whitehead, 1978). Tunstall also received three bird specimens from New Zealand from Banks. The shells may be presumed to be in the collection of the Linnean 30 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Society of London, which owns Linnaeus's personal collections, but they are not identifiable as Endeavour specimens. Banks's personal collection of shells was presented by him around 1 8 1 5 to the Linnean Society of London where it formed part of the general museum collection maintained by the Society. By 1863 the Society's policy regarding collections changed and it was decided to retain only the Linnaean collections and some other plant collections of especial value. The Banks shell collection was given to the British Museum in 1863. Thereafter the cabinet containing the collection lost its identity and was wrongly attributed to another collection until in 1953- 1954 the late Guy Wilkins was able to establish its identity as Banks's shell cabinet. Some of the shells are certainly Endeavour specimens, others may be, while many are clearly of later acquisition. Full details were given by Wilkins ( 1 955). The arthropod collections were also distributed by Banks to William Hunter and there is a considerable collection of insects in the Hunterian Collection of the LIniversity of Glasgow. Banks's remaining personal collection was given to the Linnean Society between 181 1 and 1 8 15, and from thence went to the British Museum. It is today maintained as a separate collection within the Department of Entomology, comprising 1 1 drawers of Coleoptera and 39 drawers of other orders. The Crustacea have been separated (they are all dry pinned specimens) and are maintained in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). The insect collections contain many of Fabricius's type specimens of species described from Banks's collections (no crustacean types have been located). Both the insect and crustacean collections now suffer from imperfect labelling in the past and it is in some cases only possible to relate the specimen to locality and collection with the prior knowledge that a specimen of that taxon was captured and should be represented in the collection. The Endeavour animal collections as a whole have been greatly diminished in value by the loss of labels and indentifying data, and in numbers by wide dispersal and in many cases neglect during the nineteenth century. Three significant sets of the original collections remain , the insects, the shells, and the fishes. Both the insect and shell collection deteriorated in value as a result of being inadequately labelled and then mixed with later material received by Banks, and then being added to the poorly-curated Linnean Society collection. By the time they reached the British Museum in 1 863 the worst of the damage was done and the importance of the specimens individually could only be established by patient investigation. The shell collection was even completely misallocated within a century of its receipt. The fish collection now survives only as a small fraction of the original 400 or so specimens and it is dispersed though the collection of spirit-preserved material. Perhaps 25 specimens, can be located with certainty in the British Museum (Natural History) and possibly 10 others in Paris. The history of these collections, which contrasts strikingly with the large amount of botanical material still preserved, heightens the value of the artistic and manuscript record of the voyage. In many cases, for animals described from Endeavour material the only extant evidence for the identity of the taxon may be found in the drawings which simply as a record of the animal's appearance show the critical features necessary for identification. The drawings offer a visual record which Solander's handwritten Latin descriptions fail to communicate, even when Solander had by chance described the precise details needed for identification. The drawings by Sydney Parkinson, Alexander Buchan, and Herman Sporing are thus not only an important visual record of the animals seen on one of the world's great voyages of discovery, but also an important zoological resource the use of which is a necessity for the correct interpretation of many early concepts in eighteenth and nineteenth century zoology. THE CATALOGUE This catalogue is essentially a list of the zoological drawings made on the Endeavour voyage. Although reference is made to Solander manuscripts and the Dryander manuscript Catalogue of the Banksian zoological drawings, and to the survival of cognate specimens, they are only discussed with reference to the appropriate drawing. The entries in the catalogue follow a standard format. Explanation of a Catalogue Entry SAMPLE ENTRY i . ( l : i ) Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) Lorisidae Drawing: pencil outline on branch; r. [pencil] 'S. Parkinson';^, [pencil] 'Lemur tardigradus/[ink] Princes Island'. 369 X 270. Manuscript: Solander- none. Dryander — Catalogue f. 5 asL[emur] tardigradus dormiens Batavia, S. Parkinson. Notes: Dryander's 'L[emur] tardigradus dormiens' can be presumed to refer to the present drawing. There are no notes by Solander in his manuscripts referring to this animal; probably he never saw it, but he did briefly describe (D. & W. 45; S.C. Mammalia f. 14) Lemur murinus and noted that a picture existed; this is presumed to refer to the Stubbs drawing of a lesser mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller, 1777) which was kept alive in London by Marmaduke Tunstall (Egerton, 1976; Rolfe, 1984). Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758, which name was used for this drawing, is confined to India and Sri Lanka. The heading: ' 1.(1:1) Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert, 1785) Lorisidae' represents a serial number, running through the whole collection (recently marked on the drawings by a circled number), the present volume and folio numbers, the modern scientific name of the animal represented so far as identification of it has been possible, and the family name. 'Drawing: pencil outline on branch; r. [pencil] "S. Parkinson"; v [pencil] "Lemur tardigradus/ [ink] Princes Island". 369 X 270.' represents a short description of the drawing and the medium used, and an exact transcription of annotations on the drawing with notes on the medium in which these annotations are written. r. = recto; v. = verso; line endings are indicated by an oblique stroke. The size of the paper for the drawing in mm, width X height (the animal viewed in a natural posture). Scientific names in the annotation are not italicized. 32 THE ENDEA VOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 'Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander — Catalogue f.5 . . .,' contains citations to the animal represented in the various Solander manuscripts which are cited by the numbers in Diment & Wheeler's ( 1984) catalogue of Solander manuscripts e.g. (D. & W. 45). These manuscripts are also cited by abbreviations of their titles as follows: (D. & W. 40a) P. A.: Pisces Australiae (D. & W. 40b) P.N.H. : Pisces etc Novae Hollandiae (D. & W. 40c) P. A.O.P.: Pisces & Anim. caetera Oceano Pacifici (D. & W. 40d) A.J.C.: Animalia Javaniensia £sf Capensia (D. & W. 41) F.C.: Fair Copy of Descriptions of Fishes. (D. & W. 42) C.S.D.: Copies of Solander's Descriptions of Animals . . . (D. & W. 45) S.C. : Solander s Slip Catalogue (entries are followed by the name of the animal group in the volume, and volume number, where needed). Dryander's manuscript Catalogue of the animal drawings in the Banks collection is also quoted, with folio number, the name of the animal, the locality ascribed to it and the artist's name. Again, manuscript scientific names are not italicized but if they were already published names they are printed in italic. Notes: under this heading may be given discussion of the identification of the specimen, references to citations of the drawing or manuscript relating to the drawing, and the possible continued existence of specimens. The catalogue is arranged in the order in which the drawings were bound (probably by Dryander in the late 1700s) and follows the systematic sequence of the Systema Naturae (1766— 1767). A classified index using a modern systematic sequence is given following the catalogue. An alphabetic index of current and manuscript names follows the classified index. The Catalogue 1.(1:1) Nycticebus coucang (Boddzert, 1785) Lorisidae Drawing: pencil outline on branch; r. [pencil] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Lemur tardigradus/ [ink] Princes Island'. 369 X 270. Manuscript: Solander -none. Dryander - Catalogue f. 5 asL[emur] tardigradus dormiens Batavia, S. Parkinson. Notes: Dryander's 'L [emur] tardigradus dormiens' can be presumed to refer to the present drawing. There are no notes by Solander in his manuscripts referring to this animal, probably he never saw it, but he did briefly describe (D. & W. 45; S.C. Mammalia f. 14) Lemur murinus and noted that a picture existed; this is presumed to refer to the Stubbs drawing of a lesser mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus (J. F. Miller, 1777) which was kept alive in London by Marmaduke Tunstall (Egerton, 1976; Rolfe, 1984). Lemur tardigradus Linnaeus, 1758, which name was used for this drawing, is confined to India and Sri Lanka. 2.(1:2) Dasyurus hallucatus Gould, 1 842 Dasyuridae Drawing: pencil outlines with colour notes; r. [pencil] 'Viverra'; v. [pencil] 'The THE CATALOGUE 33 upper part of the body brown ash colour mix 1 w f black especially among the spots which are white, underpart of the body/pale ash colour the underpart of the tail & furthermost half of the upper part dark brown almost blk eyes black/nose & eyelids fusca'. 256 X 525. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander - Catalogue f. 13 as Viverra N.C. (= Nova Cambria), S. Parkinson, unfinished drawing. NOTES: in a most perspicacious published study, Mahoney & Ride (1984) have shown that this drawing must have been made from a specimen captured in what is now Queensland (probably the Endeavour River landing). The drawing, although poor, with the colour description is referable to Dasyurus hallucatus Gould, 1 842. The drawing is of an animal which from the description in Hawkesworth (1773) formed the basis of the name Mustela quoll Zimmermann, 1783, a name which hitherto has been regarded as synonymous with Dasyurus viverinus (Shaw, 1800). Mahoney & Ride (1984) in the interest of zoological nomenclatural stability have proposed the suppression of Zimmermann's name Mustela quoll. Quoll was the vernacular name recorded by Hawkesworth (1773) and the journals of Banks and Parkinson use variants of this spelling which are similar to the names in present use for Dasyurus sp. by the Kokoimudji aboriginals whose tribal boundary extended northwards from the Endeavour river. The skin of presumably this animal was preserved and was referred to by Pennant (178 1 ) who noted that it had lost part of the face and that both the body and tail lengths were thirteen inches. He continued, "This was found near Endeavour river, on the eastern coast of New Holland, with two young ones" (followed by a reference to Hawkesworth's account of the voyage). 3.(1:3) Macropus sp . Macropodidae Drawing: unfinished pencil outline, animal crouched; r. [none]; v. 'Kanguru'. 358X525. Manuscript: Solander (D. & W. 45) - S.C. Mammalia f.90, f.91-95 as Kanguru saliens. Dryander - Catalogue f. 2 1 'Kanguru N.C, S. Parkinson'. NOTES: the account of Kanguru saliens by Solander exists in two forms, written on three sides of a double foolscap folded to slip size (f.90), and on five successive slips (f. 91-95). The foolscap draft (f. 90) is the earlier, containing many corrections, the slips (f. 9 1 -95) are fair copies from the earlier draft, but are unique in that they give the measurements and weights of the three specimens examined. Marshall (1977) reproduced the three sides of the foolscap draft, but its sequence was disordered from the manuscript in order to take only two pages of text. Nevertheless, while the foolscap draft (f.90) may be the earlier it is a composite description which was based on at least two specimens (male and female reproductive organs are described). From Solander's manuscript (f.95) the three specimens can be distinguished as follows: a young female of eight pounds weight, a male, two to three years of age, of twenty-four pounds weight, and an adult male of eighty pounds weight. The only length given refers to a specimen 28 inches body length and 26 inches tail length. (This would appear to be in keeping with the smaller male animal.) 34 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS / Fig. 2 Macropus sp. One of two Parkinson sketches of a 'Kanguru'. (Catalogue number 3.) These weights differ from those given by other sources on the voyage, e.g. Banks's Journal for 14 July 1770 which records the weight as 38 lb. This source records the other specimens as 84 lb, obtained on 27 July 1 770 and a third of %\ lb on 29 July. Parkinson's drawing (see no. 4) of a leaping kangaroo suggests he drew the adult male of 84 lb. One of the smaller specimens was skinned and stuffed, but possibly not stuffed until the Endeavour returned to England. Oliver Goldsmith ( 1 79 1) described the "Kangaroo of New Holland . . . stuffed and brought home by Mr Banks was not much above the size of a hare . . ." (the first edition of this work appeared in 1774 — but I have been unable to consult a copy), while Pennant (178 1) reports that the "Length of the largest skin . . . was three feet three inches from the nose to the tail: of the tail two feet nine". This skin (considerably larger than a hare) might have been a specimen from a later voyage. The identity of the kangaroos from the Endeavour River has been lengthily discussed by many authors, of whom Morrison-Scott & Sawyer (1950) offered the most information based on Solander's manuscripts and Parkinson's drawings. Lysaght (1957), with considerable perspicacity recognized the George Stubbs THE CATALOGUE 35 portrait, which had dropped out of sight between 1773 and 1957, as the original of the Hawkesworth (1773) illustration in his official account of Cook's first voyage. More recently Carr (1983) has summarized the discussion, the result of which appears to be that the kangaroos (evidently at least two species were involved) from the Endeavour River cannot be positively identified, but Carr confuses the dates of capture of the largest and smallest specimens and this led him into further false assumptions. 4.(1:4) Macropus sp. Macropodidae Drawing: unfinished pencil outline, animal springing; r. [none];i;. [pencil] 'the whole body pale ash colour the ears excepting the base fine specled gray iris of the eye Chesnut./Kanguru/[ink] C. Endeavour's River [pencil] Endeavours River'. 525 X 35%- Manuscript: see no. 3. Notes: see discussion under no. 3. 5.(1:5) Macropus robustus Gould, 1 84 1 Macropodidae Drawing: water-colour of skull and lower jaws by Nathaniel Dance; r. [ink] 'N. Dance'; v. [none] . 480 X 300. Manuscript: Solander - [none]. Dryander - Catalogue f.21 'Cranium. Nat 1 Dance'. Notes: Morrison-Scott & Sawyer (1950) identified this skull as Macropus robustus and considered it to belong to the 80 lb (or 841b — depending on source followed) specimen killed on 27 July 1770. They claim that this skull was not the specimen which was given by Banks to John Hunter, which was later in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, where it was destroyed by bombing one night in May 1941 . These authors consider that the Royal College of Surgeons skull was probably that of the 38 lb animal shot on 14 July 1770. This presumably was Solander's 241b specimen although Cook recorded its weight clear of entrails as 28 lb (Sharman, 1970). (See no. 3 for discussion of the Endeavour River kangaroos.) 6.(1:6) Muntiacus muntjak (Zimmermann, 1780) Cervidae Drawing: pencil outline of head, lateral and front views; r. [pencil] 'Cervus plicatus [cropped in binding] [ink] Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Cervus plicatus'. 530X355. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mammalia f. 101-2 notes Cervus axis Briss ? Hab. in Java, written in a very unsteady hand, and perhaps referable to the specimen illustrated. Dryander - Catalogue f.23 'C. plicati Mss caput Pr. Isl., S. Parkinson'. Notes: this drawing seems not to have been supported by Solander notes unless the reference quoted above to the Java animal are relevant. 36 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 7.(1:7) Milvago chimango (Vieillot, 1 8 1 6) Falconidae Drawing: finished pencil outline; r. [none]; v. [pencil] 'The colour of the beak pale blueish grey the feet a dirty grey blue./ [ink] Terra del Fuego/ [pencil] N°. 1 2 Falco'. 295 X458. Manuscript: Solander — none. Dryander — Catalogue f.33 lists a drawing as Falco Tierra del Fuego, S. Parkinson, presumably referring to this drawing. This use of the genus name only confirms that it was not described in manuscript. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:272), and Sharpe (1906:173). 8.(1:8) Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham, 1 790) Psittacidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Psittacus varietas? V. S.N. XIII 329. n. 88/ [pencil] Aa'; v. 'N°.40 Green Peroquet/ [ink] Otahite'. 364 X 265. Manuscript: Solander — none. Dryander — Catalogue f.41 lists a drawing as Psittacus Otaheitee, S. Parkinson, presumably in reference to this drawing. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:272) and Sharpe (1906:173). This species was named by Latham (1790) based on the descriptions in his earlier account (Latham, 1781:249) of the Red-Rumped Parrot (to which Gmelin (1789) also referred). Latham's (178 1) description was based on a 'fine specimen . . . now at Sir Joseph Banks's' although the locality was erroneously given as New Zealand. Latham's earlier account was cited by Gmelin (1789) as Psittacus novae-seelandiae (no. 83) but the annotation on this drawing in an unknown hand refers to a variety of Gmelin's Psittacus pacificus (no. 88). 9.(1:9) Viniperuviana (P. L.S. Muller, 1766) Psittacidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [pencil] 'Latham p.255-59/Psittacus taitianius. S.N. XIII ^29. n.9i/Psitacus [unreadable as trimmed off] Forster Avinna/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The face throat & breast white the rump & rect. dirty grey turng. blue towards the edge the feet &/beak a bright Orange Claws black, all the rest of the body w t dark Ultra, shaded w £ P. B. /like shining blue steel. /[partly obscured, ? Otahite] No 3 Blue Perroquet'. 364 X 264. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander - Catalogue f . 3 9 lists a Parkinson pencil outline of Psittacus from Otaheitee. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:273) and Sharpe (1906:173-4). Latham (178 1) in his description of the Otaheitan Blue Parrakeet refers to the notes on the behaviour of this Tahitian bird and the means by which it can be captured, but appears to have derived his morphological details from a specimen in the Leverian Museum and the description and figure of l'arimanon from Commerson's voyage published by Buffon (1779). iO.(l: 10) Calyptorhynchus magnificus magnificus (Shaw, 1 790) Psittacidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [pencil] 'Lath. p. 260 n.66'; v. [pencil] 'The THE CATALOGUE 37 *a <;■...„ Fig. 3 Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Latham, 1790). Parkinson's drawing of a Tahitian bird. The Society Islands population was extinct by 1844. (Catalogue number 8.) whole bird black spots on the head and on the shoulders dirty white the/breast feathers wav'd w £ pale brown, the outer feathers of the tail scarlet & yellow/ w £ narrow facia of black. The iris dark brown the pupil black, the beak dirty white with the point of the upper mandible dark grey. /Black Cocatoa'. 525 X 358. Manuscript: Solander — none. Dryander — Catalogue f.39 lists a sketch without colours as 'Psittacus — Latham p. 260 n. 66 N.C., S. Parkinson'. 38 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:273) and Sharpe (1906:174). Latham (1781:260, no 66) referred to the description by Parkinson ( 1 773) of 'black Cockatoos of a large size' met with on the coast of New Holland, and also cited Hawkesworth (1773) but made no reference to this drawing or Banksian specimens. 1 1 . ( 1 : 1 1 ) Anas flavirostris flavirostris Vieillot, 1 8 1 6 Anatidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak very dark brown ([inserted] changing gradually into) yellowish toward the base of the upper mandible the feet purple brown. /the length of the Wing in the natural size 72 inches. /17. Anas antarctica./ [ink] Terra del Fuego'. 370 X 270. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 126-127; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 1. Dryander — Catalogue f.57, as sketch without colours, Anas T.d.F., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:273) and Sharpe (1906:174). 12.(1:12) Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus (Kuhl , 1 8 20) Hydrobatidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The head, neck, breast & back soot colour, which Gradually/grows paler on the coverts of the Wings to their edges — /which are border'd w l white, the large wing feathers &/the tail of the same sooty colour but shaded with M. blk/the upper coverts of the tail/& the sides pure white, the beak blk as are the Feet w f a spot of yellow on each web./ [ink] Deer. 22 1 768/ [pencil] P. oceanica'. 260 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.55 records three specimens obtained, the second of which is localized as America australi S.37°(Dec. 23, 1768) and was the one drawn. Dryander — Catalogue f.61 , as sketch without colours P. oceanica mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:273-4) and Sharpe (1906:174). Kuhl (1820) referred to this drawing in his original description of the species but also had examined a specimen which was then in Temminck's collection. 1 3 .(l: 1 3) Pelagodroma marina marina (Latham, 1790) Hydrobatidae Drawing: unfinished water colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The throat, breast & belly white the Remiges, Retrices and beak/black the feet black on the webs marks of yellow as mark d /out in the figure, [ink] Dec 1 ". 23. 1768/Lat. 37 South./ [pencil] N° 6 Procellaria aequorea'. 265 X 368. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.57 gives the same locality and date. Dryander - Catalogue f.61 , as sketch with colours P. a'quorea mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:274) and Sharpe (1906: 175). Latham (1785:410) as Frigate Petrel and (1790:826) as Procellaria marina referred to this drawing in Banks's collection and based his name on it. THE CATALOGUE 39 14.(1:14) Fregetta grallaria (Vieillot, 1 8 1 7) Hydrobatidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The large feathers of the wing, the tail, Beak & feet/are black the belly & coverts of the tail white. /[ink] Dec 1 ; 23d. 1768.ZLat.37. South/ [pencil] N07. Procellaria fregata'. 260 X 366. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.51 gives as locality Oceano America australis. Lat37°S, and date Dec. 22, 1768. Dryander - Catalogue f. 6 1 , as sketch with colours P. Fregata L. Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:274) and Sharpe (1906:175). Lysaght comments that part of Solander's description refers to Fregata tropica Gould, but this is at variance with Solander apparently describing only one specimen. 15.(1:15)? Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews, 1 9 1 2) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak a pale blueish lead colour - the legs & toes pale blue wt a cast of purple the webs dirty white. / 14 Procellaria turtur [ink] Feb. 1st. 1769. Lat. 59. 00'. 270 X 366. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.65 Oceano Americas antarctico Terre del Fuego. Lat. S.59 . Dryander - Catalogue f.61 as sketch without colours P. Turtur MSS Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:274) and Sharpe (1906:175). Procellaria turtur was published by Kuhl (1 820) based on the illustration by Parkinson, the annotation of which is quoted, and also to drawing no. 16. Kuhl had, however, also seen specimens in the Museum in Paris, Bullock's museum, and in Temminck's collection. Lesson (183 1) also cited P. turtur Banks pi. 15 probably deriving this from Kuhl. 16.(1:16) Pterodroma longirostris (Stejneger, 1 893) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak black the legs & toes pale violet, grey on the outermost toe the webs dirty white & partly grey veind wt dirty purple/22. Procellaria velox./[ink] Feb. 15. 1769. Lat. 48.27" Long. 93'. 268X374. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.67 'Oceano australi', from ten localities and dates between 15 February 1769 and 11 April 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f.61 as sketch without colours P. velox Mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:274-5) and Sharpe (1906:175). The name Procellaria velox, attributed to Banks pi. 16 was published by Lesson (183 1) as his Petrel Colombe, although this may have been derived from another source. \ 7 .(1:1 j) Macronectes giganteus (Gmd'm, 1789) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson [pencil] Procellaria gigantea a; v. [pencil] 1 8 Procellaria gigantea/Feb 1 " 5 : 2 nd 1769 Lat. 59. S'. 296 X 480. 40 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.73 'Oceano antartico Terra del Fuego S. Lat.58°S'. Dryander — Catalogue f.61. Sketch without colours P. gigantea Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:275) and Sharpe (1906:175). This drawing was referred to by Kuhl ( 1 820), as was the next drawing. According to Kuhl there was a specimen in the British Museum. Latham (1785), referring to the Giant Petrel, also listed a specimen in the British Museum, and noted reports of the species 'by our voyagers at Staaten Land, Terra del Fuego and Isle of Desolation, and other places in the high southern latitudes'. The references to Staaten Land (Isla de los Estados) and the Isle of Desolation (Kerguelen) were records from the Resolution voyage, that from Tierra del Fuego probably referred to the Endeavour specimen drawn by Parkinson and described by Solander. Gmelin's (1789) name was based on several earlier literary accounts including Latham, J. G. Forster (1777), and Hawkesworth (1773). Several of these are linked with the Endeavour material which thus has some type standing. 18.(1:18) Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin, 1789) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson, [pencil] Procellaria gigantea j3'; v. [pencil] 'Mem. the feet are Gray:/ [ink] Dec r . 23. 1768/ [pencil] 5 Procellaria gigantea'. 294 X 480. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.75 'Pelago Atlantico Americam australem . . . Lat37°S' (December 22, 1768). Dryander - Catalogue f.61. Sketch with colours, a solid line under the previous entry to indicate identical nature of this drawing. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:275) and Sharpe (1906:175). 19.(1:19) Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758 Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] '19 Procellaria fuliginosa/[ink] Feb 2 nd 1769 Lat. 58 '. 295 X 477. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.77 reported from two localities, Oceano Antarctico Terra del Fuego S Lat 58 (Feb. 2, 1769) and Oceano Aust. (Pacifico) Lat 44°35' Long I09°2' 23 Feb. 1769. Dryander - Catalogue f.61 as sketch without colour, P. fuliginosa Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:275) and Sharpe (1906:175). This drawing was referred to by Kuhl (1 820) who also saw a specimen in the British Museum. 20.(1:20) Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel, 1863) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Procellaria/ 1 1'} ?/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Mem. the beak is black the legs & upper part of the feet/ palid white the lower part where mark'd off dark brown/the Claws black the under part of the whole bird is white. /[ink] Dec 1 ! 23. i768/[pencil] N°4 Procellaria sandaleata'. 2 60 X 369. THE CATALOGUE 41 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.89 locality given as Habitat in oceano America australis. Lat.37°S (Dec. 22, 1768). Dryander - Catalogue f. 61 as sketch with colours P. sandaliata Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:275) and Sharpe (1906:175). Lysaght said that it had been suggested, without giving any source, that two species were involved in Solander's description and the drawing but this is unlikely since only one date and locality are given in both drawing annotation and manuscript. 21.(1:21) Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster , 1 844) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The Bill intirely black the iris of the eye brown pupil black./ 15 Procellaria [antarctica - deleted] lugens [substituted] / [ink] Feb. I st 1769 Lat 59:00'. 300 X 478. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.91 reported from two localities oceano Antarctico, Terra del Fuego australi. Lat.59°S Long — W (Feb. 1 , 1769), and Oceano Australi. Lat.36°49'S, Long. 1 1 i°3o'W (March 3, 1769). Dryander - Catalogue f.61 as sketch without colours, P. lugens Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:276) and Sharpe (1906:176). Kuhl (1820) referred to the two drawings (nos 2 1 and 22) in Banks's collection under Procellaria lugens in the synonymy of his P. grisea L. 22.(1:22) Pterodroma inexpectata (Forster, 1844) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak black the legs & that part of the foot next them dirty white the remainder black./ 15 Procellaria [antarctica — deleted] lugens [substituted] /Sketch made by mistake/ [ink] Feb 1 ? 3^ 1769 Lat. 57 30'.' 295 X 476. Manuscript: see above no. 2 1 . Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:276) and Sharpe (1906:176). 23.(1 : 23 ) Puffinus griseus (GmtYm, 1789) Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil of whole bird and details; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak fuscus the lower mandible paler & blueish the feet of the same colour. /23 Nectris fuliginosus/ [ink] Feb. 15. 1769 Lat. 48:27" Long :93". 263 X368. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.77, with reference to two captures Oceano Antarctico, Terra del Fuego S Lat 58 (Feb. 2, 1769), in Oceano aust. (Pacifico) Lat 44°35' Long 109V (23 Feb. 1769); Parkinson's drawing seems to refer to neither of these. Dryander - Catalogue f.61 as sketch without colours P. fuliginosa Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson; it was also listed under Nectris on f.65. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:276) and Sharpe (1906:176). This drawing, but not Solander's manuscript, was referred to by Kuhl (1 820) who published the name Procellaria fuliginosa. Gmelin (1789) referred to Cook's account of the Dark grey 4 2 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Ui — Fig. 4 Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789). Parkinson's drawing was referred to by H. Kuhl (1 820) and was the basis of his name Procellariafuliginosa. (Catalogue number 23.) Petrel and to Latham (1785) probably deriving the former reference from Latham who described a specimen in the Leverian Museum. 24.(1:24) Puffinus assimilis elegans Giglioli & Salvadori, 1 869 Procellariidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak blue grey towards the back & the point black the legs & feet the same colour/as in Procellaria cyanopeda./24 Nectris munda/[ink] Feb. 15. 1769 Lat. 48. 27' Long. 93'. 270X367. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 1 15 as Oceano Australi, Lat. 48°27'S, Long. 93°W(Feb.i5, 1769), Lat. 3 5°8' S, Long. i88°3o' W (Jan 6, 1770); the first specimen was clearly the one drawn. Dryander — Catalogue f.65 as sketch without colours N. munda Mss Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:276) and Sharpe (1906:176). The drawing was referred to by Kuhl (1820) and is the sole type material of his species Procellaria munda (he erroneously gave the date as 25 February). The Parkinson drawing was THE CATALOGUE 43 described by Bourne (1959) who pointed out that P. munda Kuhl, 1820 had been declared a nomen rejectum by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. The name is included as an unavailable name under the subspecies Puffinus assimilis elegans by Peters (1979). 25.(1:25) Diotnedea exulans Linnaeus, 1758 Diomedeidae Drawing: unfinished water colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The face & throat white as mark'd of on the figure the whole body above & [below - faintly deleted] fusca pallida the belly/the feet whitish w c a cast of blue & the nails white./ [ink] Dec 1 : 23^ 1768/1^.37. South/ [pencil] N? 9 Diomedea exulans'. 295 X 480. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.3 from Americam australem ubi Latit XXXVII circiter iooLeucas nauticasa litore captus(Dec.23 1768) . . . (Mar 3 1769); (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 151 - same dates, and for D. exulans var (f. 157) 3 Feb. 1769 and (f. 159) 2 Oct. 1769, 6 Jan. 1770, 11 Apr. 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f.65 as sketch with colours D. exulans L. Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:277) and Sharpe (1906:176). Latham (1785) in his account of the size of the wandering albatross referred to a wing-span of twelve feet recorded 'in a manuscript at Sir Joseph Banks's'. He also mentioned specimens in the British and Leverian Museums, but there is no evidence that these were first voyage specimens. The wing-spans in the Slip Catalogue are 9 feet (f. 1 52v), 10 feet 1 inch (f. 158V), 10 feet 7 inches (f. 159V) and 6 feet 1 1 inches (f. 16 iv); the weight of the first was given as 12 pounds which Latham may have mis-read as the wing- span. 26.(1:26) Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster, 1785) Diomedeidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The bill intirely black, the iris of the eyes a yellow Brown the pupil black the skin that goes along the beak from the head/pale violet, clouded w f pale brown./ 13 Diomedia antarctica/ [ink] Feb. I st 1760. Lat.59'. 296 X 475. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.9 from Terra del Fuego. 59°S (Feb, 1, 1 769); (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 160 with same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.65 as sketch without colours D. antarctica Mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:277) and Sharpe (1906:176). Forster's (1785) description was based on a specimen obtained at 47°S. between 5 December 1772 and 1 3 January 1 773 on the Resolution (Forster, 1 844); a figure is in the G. Forster collection of drawings. Latham (1785) referred both to Forster's voyage (Forster, J.G., 1777) and Cook's published account (Hawkesworth, 1773) but appears to have derived most of his information about the Sooty Albatross from Forster. Latham's account was referred to by Gmelin (1789) who also quoted the Forster and Cook references, perhaps taking them from Latham, for his description of Diomedia fuliginosa . 44 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 27.(1:27) Diomedea chrysostoma Forster, 1785 Diomedeidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak black excepting the back of the upper mandible & part of the under one which is a dirty greenish white. /21 Diomedia profusa/ [ink] FebT 3 d 1769 Lat. 57:30". 297X476. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 11 from Terra del Fuego, 58°3i'S(Feb.3, 1769), and 4 8°27' S (Feb. 15, 1769); (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 162 with same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.65 as sketch without colours D. profusa Mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:277) and Sharpe (1906:176-7). Latham (1785) described the Yellow-nosed Albatross from a specimen taken off the Cape of Good Hope in the British Museum, but mentions the species occurring in the southern hemisphere all round the pole from 30 to 60 degrees and then specifies one 'caught in lat. 57.30.S. in the month of February'. This suggests that Latham had taken these data from the Parkinson drawing, and not from Solander's manuscripts. 28.(1:28) Fregata magnificens Mathews, 1 9 1 4 Fregatidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the Beak is of a lead colour whitish towards the base of/the upper mandible the bag is of a dirty Orange the feathers of the whole body is quite black having a/ cast of Purple on the back the feet & Claws lead Colour. /To be colord from/N° in Cag N? / Pelecanus AquilusJB/Specimen lost N°3/[ink] Rio Janeiro'. 295 X 480. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 19 from America meridionali; (D. & W. 45)S.C. Avesf.168, as Pelecanus Aquilusvar., same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.67 as sketch without colour P. Aquilus L. Bras. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:277) and Sharpe (1906:177). 29.(1:29) Phalacrocorax albiventer (Lesson, 1 83 1) Phalacrocoracidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak & all the bare part around the eye is a brownish grey — the point only excepted which is whitish/the iris of the eyes grey pupil black the feet something reddish. /N° 1 1 Pelecanus antarcticus/ [ink] Terra del Fuego'. 290 X 480. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 15 from Terra del Fuego & adhuc australius; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 170 - same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.67 as sketch without colours, P. antarcticus Mss T.d.F., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:277) and Sharpe (1906:177). 30.(1:1,0) Suf a serrator G. R. Gray, 1845 Sulidae Drawing: partly coloured pencil sketch; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] '1. Pelecanus sectator/ [ink] Aehie ne Mauwe'. 295 X 475. THE CATALOGUE 45 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 17, habitat Oceano Australiam septentrionalem 36°-33°S, i85°-i87°W, Dec. 24, 1769; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 171 - same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.67 as sketch without colour, P. Bassanus L. N.Z., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:177) who gave the name on the annotation as Pelecanus serrator. The Dryander entry must refer to this drawing as it is the only Pelecanus sketched by Parkinson in New Zealand. Gray's (1845) original description cited the Parkinson drawing as Pelecanus serrator, Banks, Icon. ined. 30, and appears to have derived the name for the species from a misreading of Solander's manuscript name. 3 1.(1:3 1) Phaethon rubrkauda melanorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 Phaethontidae Drawing: signed water-colour of bird in flight: r. [ink] 'Phaeton erubescent/ Sydney Parkinson pinx c 1769/ [pencil] Tawai'; v. [none]. 290 X 315. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.29, locality given as Oceano australi ca Otaheite & Nigus, March 21, 1769; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 181- 1 84V. same data. Vernacular name in both mss Tavai 'Otaheitensibus'. Dryander — Catalogue f.69 as finished in colour P. erubescens Mss Oc, S. Parkinson and sketch with colour — caput — . Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:177). Latham (1785) described the Black-billed Tropic Bird from a specimen in Sir Joseph Banks's possession and gave as localities for the species 'Turtle and Palmerston Islands, in the South Seas'. Gmelin (1789) based his Phaeton melanorhynchos solely on Latham's account. G. R. Gray (1844) cited the Parkinson drawing and probably from it Solander's manuscript name as 'P. erubescens Banks, Icon. ined. t.31.' in his synonymy of the Red-tailed Tropic Bird. 32.(1:3 1) Phaethon rubrkauda melanorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 Phaethontidae Drawing: finished water-colour of bird's head; r. [pencil] 'on the same Paper with the Bird', v. [none]. 159 X 285. Manuscript: see no. 3 1 . 23.(1:32) Larus maculipennis hichtenstt'm, 1823 Laridae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The beak & feet the col r of minium - the breast & belly white w £ a cast of red the same as in the Cocatoo w* the red crest/the claws dark brown - the length of the Wing in the natural size 1 1 inches/16 Larusgregarius/[ink] Terra del Fuego'. 265 X 364. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.35, locality given as Terra del Fuego; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f. 190, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.69 as sketch without colour, L. gregarius Mss T.d.F., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:177-8); the latter quoted from Solander's manuscript notes. 46 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 34.(1:33) Gygis alba Candida Gmelin , 1789 Laridae Drawing: pencil sketch; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Eperai'; v. [pencil] 'The whole bird intirely white the beak a lead colour, as are also the toes, the webs between white/the Rachi of the wing feathers pale brown & those of the tail black/ N° 2. Egg Bird/ [ink] Otahite'. 265 X 365. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 101, locality given as Otahaensibus, Oceano Pacifico . . . Insulam Otahe (July 28, 1769); (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f.210, same data. Dryander- Catalogue f.71 as sketch without colour, Sterna -Ot., S. Parkinson. (See notes.) Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:178). This drawing has not previously been associated with any bird described in the Solander manuscripts. It is unquestionably a tern and was listed by Dryander as Sterna sp. from Tahiti. The only Sterna described from Tahiti was Sterna nigripes (see references quoted above) details of which appear to agree with the notes on coloration in the annotation. The specimen of Sterna nigripes was preserved in Cagg No 6 as bird specimen A 20. Gmelin's (1789) Sterna Candida was solely based on Latham's (1785) account of the White Tern which described a specimen in the Leverian Museum, although the locality given for the species was Christmas Island 'and other parts of the South Seas. Seen also off the island of St. Helena'. Latham must have derived this information from several sources although he cites no literature. Christmas Island in the Line Islands was visited on Cook's third voyage December 1777-January 1778. 35.(1:34) Ptilinopus purpuratus (Gmelin, 1789) Columbidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Columba porphyraea Forster/purpurata S.N. XIL784. n.64/Oopaa'; v. [pencil] 'N° 4. Green dove/ [ink] Otahite'. 366 X 265. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander - Catalogue f. 89 - two identical entries refer to sketches with colour within Columba from Otaheiti and relate to this drawing and no.36. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:178). Gmelin's name was based solely on the description of the Purple-crowned Pigeon in Latham (1783). This was described from a specimen from Otaheite in the Leverian Museum. Latham records the Tahitian vernacular name as Oopa or Oopara; he also describes variation in plumage in his Purple-crowned Pigeon in specimens or descriptions from Uliatea (Raiatea) and Tonga Taboo (Tongatabu, Friendly Islands). 36.(1:35) Gallicalumba erythroptera (Gmelin, 1789) Columbidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Latham 2. p. 624. n. 13. /Columba erythroptera S.N. XIII:775. p. io./Amaho/ameho/[ink] S. Parkinson'/ [colour- ing directions written on the drawing] ; v. [pencil] 'the red on the neck brighter some of a fine shiny purple/No 1 Columba pectoralis/ [ink] Otahite'. 265 X 360. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. Aves f. 1 (261) as Columba THE CATALOGUE 47 pectoralis with reference to the drawing. Dryander — Catalogue f. 89 (see entry for no.35). Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:278) and Sharpe (1906:178). Gmelin's name was based solely on Latham's description of the Garnet-winged Pigeon (Latham, 1783); he recognized three varieties, oc from the island of Eimeo (Moorea), (3 from Tahiti, and y from Tanna, New Hebrides. These three localities all derive from Latham's (1783) account in which he reported that the Otaheite specimen was at Sir Joseph Banks's, while the Eimeo specimen (collected on Cook's third voyage) was in the Leverian Museum. The three varieties differed in details of plumage and size. This species is now extinct in the Society Islands (Lysaght, 1959). 37.(1:36) Ramphocelus bresilius (Linnaeus, 1 766) Emberizidae Drawing: pencil sketch with colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Loxia mexicana'; v. [pencil] 'The whole wings & tail black a little inclining to brown the feathers of the/Back at their bases are black & their edges scarlet which makes it/ look darker than the scarlet of the Belly — is more yellow than the rest, /the legs fusca the beak black excepting the oblong space mark'd of/on the base of the under mandible which is white. N°i Preserved dry in Box N° /[ink] Rio Janeiro'. 295X239. Manuscript: Solander — none. Dryander — Catalogue f.95 as sketch with colours, L. mexicana L. n.7 Bras., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906: 178). Loxia mexicana dates from Li nnaeus (1758). 38.(1:36) T urdus falcklandi magellanicus P. P. King, 1 830 Muscicapidae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N? 1 1 Turdus/ [ink] Terra del Fuego'. 295 X 239. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander- Catalogue f. 91 listed as sketch without colour, T. T.d.F., S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906:178). 2^.(i:3Ja)Sporop/ii/a caerulescens (Vieillot, 1 8 17) Emberizidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 2/ CaggN° / Rio de Janeiro'. 293 X 238. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander - Catalogue, not identifiable. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906:178). 40.(1:37^) Volatinajacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) Emberizidae Drawing: finished water-colour, signed; r. [ink] 'Loxia nitens/Sydney Parkinson pinx c ad vivum 1768/Brasil'; v. [ink] 'of the Coast of Brasil/Nov r . 8* 1768'. 292 X 237. 48 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f. 119, locality given as 'in Brasilia australi'; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f.267, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.95 as finished in colours, L. nitens Mss Bras. , S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906:179). 4.1. (1:38a) Motacilla flava Linnaeus, 1758 Motacillidae Drawing: finished water-colour, signed; r. [ink] 'Motacilla avida/Sydney Parkinson pinxt 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sep^ 28. 1768/Lat. 19.00-north'. 214 X 270. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f. 121 as 'Habitat in Africa qua in mari Atlantico (Lat 19 N) African . . . (Sept 28, 1768)'; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f.275, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 103 as finished in colours, M. avida Mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906:179). 42.(1:38/^) Oenanthe oenanthe (Linnaeus, 1758) Muscicapidae Drawing: finished water-colour, signed; r. [ink] 'Motacilla velificans. /Sydney Parkinson pinxt ad vivum 1768 Sept. IT. 10. P. 6. Sept. 4. 1768./ [pencil] Oenanthe'; v. [ink] 'of the Coast of Spain'. 273 X 239. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 1 23 as from Europe australiore prope litora Gallicia Hispanorum in Nave capta Sept. 3 1768; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Aves f.277, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 103 as finished in colour, M. velificans Mss Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: listed by Lysaght (1959:279) and Sharpe (1906:179). 43.(1:39) Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Cheloniidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketch, dorsal view; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Testudo Mydas/ [ink] Endeavours River'. 266 X 371. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 125 Novam Hollandium male and female, with vernacular names for both from Australia, and for the species from the islands of the Pacific; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1, f. 14, same data; (D. & W. 4od) A.J.C. f.3 (303) Princes Island and vernacular. Dryander - Catalogue f. 109 as sketch without colours T. Midas L. superne N.C. , S. Parkinson. Notes: clearly only the descriptions made in Australia (Nova Hollandia, or Nova Cambria in Dryander's Catalogue) refer to the Endeavour River specimens. The reports from the Pacific islands and Princes Island were either a result of communication with the natives, or of native fishing. Despite this being a well- known species described by Linnaeus mainly from carapaces, Solander gave a moderately detailed account and described them copulating in July and August. Dr E. N. Arnold (personal communication) points out that the drawing is not sufficiently detailed for critical distinction from Chelonia depressa, but C. mydas is the more probable species. THE CATALOGUE 49 44.(1:40) Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) Cheloniidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketch, ventral view; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Testudo Mydas/ [ink] Endeavours River'. 268 X 370. Manuscript: see above no. 43; Dryander - Catalogue f. 109 as sketch without colours T. Midas L. inferne N.C., S. Parkinson. Notes: see above no. 43. 45.(1:41) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Cheloniidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketch, dorsal view; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Dec 1 : 23 I768/Lat.37. South/ [pencil] N°. 1 Testudo Caretta'. 262 X 365. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f. 127 same details as above 'supra aquam domiens, capta . . . circiter milliaria nautica a litore'; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1 f. 16, same data, the carapace length given as 25 inches. Dryander - Catalogue f. 109 as sketch without colours T. Caretta L. superne Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: this specimen of the loggerhead turtle caught off Brazil was drawn by Parkinson from the ventral and lateral views (see below). Dryander's Catalogue lists each drawing distinguishing them as 'inferne' and 'a latere visa' respectively. 46.(1:42) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Cheloniidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketch, ventral view; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'No. 1 Testudo Caretta/Dec 1 ! 23 1 ? 1768. Lat.37.S./N? 1 o Testudo Caretta/ Dec 1 ! 23. i768/Lat.37. South'. 263 X 372. Manuscript: see above, no. 45. Notes: see above, no. 45. 47.(1:43) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) Cheloniidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketch, side view; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° io/[ink] Dec 1 ! 23/Lat.37. South/ [pencil] N? 1 Testudo Caretta'. 262 X 369. Manuscript: see above, no. 45. Notes: see above, no. 45. 48. (1:44) Raja nasuta Muller & Henle, 1841 Rajidae Drawing: pencil sketch; r. [pencil] 'Raja oxyrinchus L. ?/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Clay colour with the edges of the body finns up to the nose ting'd with red. / 21. Raia nasuta/ [ink] Totarra'nue'. 475 X 300. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 135, from Oceano Australiam . . . Totaranui; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1, f. 153-154, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 119 as sketch without colour R. oxyrinchus L ? N.Z., S. Parkinson. 50 THE £JVD£AVO(/R ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: Miiller & Henle (i 841) based their description solely on this drawing which they attribute to Banks MS 44, from Siidsee, but make no reference to Solander's manuscripts. This drawing therefore has type status. Gunther (1870) reproduced Solander's manuscript description in full but could not then find Parkinson's drawing (possibly because it was concealed in volume 1 with other Linnaean 'Amphibia'), although as he commented, the drawing had been seen by Richardson (1 843*3) who cited the locality, Totaeranue, volume and folio number. The drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) with annotations transcribed. The length of the drawing, i.e. the pencil image, was given as 345 mm, which unfortunately was assumed by Garrick & Paul (1974) to be the length of the specimen. Although many of the Endeavour (and Resolution) fishes were drawn at life size, it would be a dangerous assumption to assume that all were, especially such potentially large animals as rays, skates, and sharks. Garrick & Paul describe Raja nasuta, known as the 'rough skate in New Zealand' as the most common skate on the North Island continental shelf. 49.(1 145) Aptychotrema banksii (Miiller & Henle, 1 841) Rhinobatidae Drawing: finished pencil dorsal view and detail of ventral side of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'RAJA rostrata/rostrata deleted/Rhinobatos L. ?'; v. [pencil] 'Rhinobates (Rhinobates) Banksii Miiller und Henle'. 426 X 358. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 4o)P.N.H. f.3 (85), locality not given, date 29. April 1770; (D. & W. 45), S.C. Amphibia 1, f. 162, 'Habitat in Oceano Pacifico Novae Hollandia JB & DS'. (and Oceano Jamaicensis Shakespear). Dryander — Catalogue f. 119 as finished without colour R. rhinobatos L. ? N.C., Sporing. Notes: Solander's manuscript (D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1 , folio 1 62 is a post- voyage entry as it records Raja rostrata from the Endeavour voyage, with the reference 'Fig. Pict.' to this drawing, and then continues to include the reference to the specimen from Shakespear's collection from Jamaica with an MB indicating a specimen was in the British Museum. This presumably referred to a specimen of Rhinobatos from the Caribbean. This drawing was referred to by Miiller & Henle (1841) (referring to Banks MS. 45) with the locality at Neuholland; this is the sole reference for typification of the species. From the annotations on the drawing it can be seen that no locality was given, nor did Solander's manuscript account (P.N.F. f.3) although from its inclusion in this part of the manuscript (Pisces Novae Hollandiae) it clearly came from Australia (= New Holland in Banks and Solander usage, or N.C., Novae Cambria, of Dryander's Catalogue). The date given by Solander (29 April 1770) shows that this fish was captured in Botany Bay, New South Wales (Groves, 1962). Why Richardson ( 1 843^ should have included this species in a list of New Zealand fishes is unknown, except perhaps that he may, as Garrick & Paul (197 1) suggest, have misread Miiller & Henle's Neuholland for New Zealand. Richardson ( 1 8430) did not, however, simply copy the reference from Miiller & Henle, who refer to the drawing as Banks MS 45, for he specifically cited Banks, fig. pict. 1 p. 45, thus drawing attention to the drawing in the first volume, and elsewhere (Richardson, THE CATALOGUE 51 1843^) he referred to the drawing as Parkinson 1, t.45. However, there is no locality on the drawing and this must have misled Richardson, although plainly he did not refer to the Solander manuscripts for these are clearly localized. Garrick & Paul (197 1) have recently removed this taxon from the New Zealand faunal list. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968). A specimen given by Banks to Broussonet and now in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris and believed to be from Australia, is not considered to be the original for this drawing on account of disparity in length (drawing length 465 mm, specimen 205 mm) (Bauchot, 1969). 50.(1:46) Urolophus testaceus (Miiller & Henle, 1 841) Dasyatidae Drawing: finished pencil dorsal view and detail of ventral side of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'RAJA testacea/N.B. the 200 d pounder wanted the upper fin on the extremity of/the tail, & the small fin near the stings, the head . . .'/[last line trimmed off] ; v. [pencil] 'Trygonoptera testacea Miiller und Henle'. 526 X 360. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.N.H. f.3 (85) locality not given; date 30 April 1770. Dryander — Catalogue f. 119, presumably one of three finished drawings without colour of Raja N.C., Sporing (the others being nos. 51 and 52). Notes: Miiller & Henle (1 841) used this drawing as the sole source of Trygonoptera testacea, citing it as 'Banks. MS. 46'; they did not, however, apparently cite Solander's manuscript description. The drawing was again referred to as 'Parkinson, i.t. 146 {sicy by Richardson (1843^), an d again mistakenly associating the drawing with New Zealand whereas the fish was captured on 30 April 1770 in 'Sting Ray's Bay', later Botany Bay, New South Wales. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968). According to Whitley ( 1 940) Urolophus testaceus grows to only 30 inches (76 cm) in length; the note referring to another specimen of 200 pounds weight could not have referred to this species (as the note of its lacking the caudal and dorsal fins confirms). This and the other large sting rays caught in Botany Bay in May 1770 were referred to Bathytoshia brevicaudata (Hutton, 1875) by Whitley (1940) (= Dasyatis brevicaudata, of authors). 5 1 .(1:47) Trygonorhina fas data Miiller & Henle, 1 841 Rhinobatidae Drawing: finished pencil dorsal view, details of ventral side of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'RAJA fasciata/Long. 2 ped: 12 unicas'; v. [pencil] Trygonorhina fasciata Miiller und Henle'. 525 X 360. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.N.H. f.2 locality not given, date 29 April 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f. 119, presumably one of three finished drawings without colour of Raja N.C., Sporing (the others being nos. 50 and 52). 52 THE £JVDOVOLf« ANIMAL DRAWINGS Fig. 5 Trygonorhina fasciata Muller & Henle, 1 841 . Drawing by Sporing of a fish caught on 29 April 1 770 at Sting Ray Bay (later Botany Bay), Australia. (Catalogue number 51.) M \ \ J 4 V* ■ — >\ Notes: Trygonorhina fasciata was based by Muller & Henle partly on this drawing, cited as Banks. MS. 47, but also on a Quoy & Gaimard specimen in alcohol in the Paris Museum (cf. Garrick & Paul (197 1) who claim that the species name was based solely on Banks's drawing). The locality given by Muller & Henle was THE CATALOGUE 53 Neuholland. Despite this Richardson (1 843,3; 1 843^) included this taxon in his list of New Zealand fishes, on the first occasion citing it as Banks, fig. pict. 1, t.47 and the second as Parkinson, i.t.47. It is possible that Richardson assumed that this fish came from New Zealand as no locality was given on the drawing, but he clearly did not refer to Solander's manuscript entitled Pisces Novae Hollandiae (= Australia) or the date 29 April 1770, when the Endeavour had just arrived at Botany Bay. Garrick & Paul (197 1 ) have recently removed this fish from the Zealand fauna list. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968). 52.(1 148) Myliobatis australis Macleay , 1 8 8 1 Myliobatidae Drawing: finished pencil dorsal view, details of ventral and lateral views of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'RAJA/macrocephala/Willugh. app. tab. 10. f.3/Long 4 pedum'; v. [pencil] 'Myliobates Nieuhofi Miiller und Henle/ [ink] Botany Bay'. 528X359. Manuscript: Solander — none; Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 19, presumed to be one of three finished drawings without colour of Raja N.C., Sporing (the others being nos. 50 and 51). Notes: this drawing was cited by Miiller & Henle (1 841) as Myliobatis Nieuhofi,, with a reference to Banks. MS. 48; their annotation appears on the verso. Richardson (1843^, 1 843^) includes M. nieuhofi (Bloch & Schneider, 1 801) in the New Zealand fauna apparently on the Miiller & Henle reference but citing Raia macrocephala, Banks, fig. pict. 1, t.48 (Richardson, 1843*2). The reference to Willughby in the annotations is to Willughby (1686) whose description, derived from Nieuhof, formed the sole basis for Bloch & Schneider's (1 801) name. 53.(1:49) Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) Carcharhinidae Drawing: finished water-colour, lateral view; r. [ink] 'Squalus glaucus. /Sydney Parkinson pinx*: 1769. /mow otaa'; v. [ink] 'April 10.1769. off Osnabrugh Island South Sea'. 292 X 466. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 187 (171) from Oceano australis . . . Osnabrugh Island, captus April 10, 1769, Lat. 17 , Length 6 ft 7 in; (D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1, ff.211-217, with same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 as finished in colours S. glaucus L. e latere Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's manuscript notes in the Slip Catalogue (D. & W. 45) exist in several states. The pencil notes on ff.216 (two leaves) are bound in reverse order, and may be presumed to be the original notes; the last page is in ink and contains detailed measurements. The measurements are repeated in ink in fair copy on f. 2 1 7. A formally arranged description appears on ff. 2 14-2 15 (four pages), and a short diagnosis and citation of Linnaeus's account in Solander's hand appears on f.213. The specimen was dissected, and Solander gives details of internal anatomy. The internal helminth parasite Fasciola tenacissima Solander, described on 1 1 April, came from this fish, see no. 239. Osnabrugh Island is now known as Mururoa, and lies south of the Tuamotu group. 54 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 54. (l 150) Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) Carcharhinidae Drawing: finished pencil, ink and wash dorsal view and pencil detail of underside of head; r. [ink] 'Squalus glaucus. /Sydney Parkinson pinx f . 1769'; v. [pencil] 'Squalusglaucus/[ink] April 10. 1769. off Osnabrugh Island South Sea/ [pencil] The back pretty low. P.B. shaded towards the top w l indian ink & D° gradually/ running into the belly which is silvery lightly ting'd w 1 red the eye clouded w l black- grey the circle white ting'd wt blue'. 472 X 290. Manuscript: Solander - see above no. 53 . Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 as finished without colour, S. glaucus L. a tergo Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: see no. 53. 55.(1:51) Carcharhinus sp. Carcharhinidae Drawing: finished water-colour oblique view of back of shark; details of eyes; r. [ink] 'Squalus carchadius. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1768/mow'; v. [none]. 296 X 472. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45)S.C. Amphibia 1 ff. 206-209, no locality or date given, specimen was 5 feet4 inches long; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 177 (159) repeats the Slip Catalogue entry. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 2 1 as finished in colours Squalus Carcharias L. e latere Oc. , S. Parkinson. Notes: Parkinson's mis-spelling of the species name must have been due to misreading a written text ('dius' for 'rias'). Solander identified this shark with Squalus carcharias Linnaeus, 1758, the present Carcharodon carcharias, but there was much confusion in the eighteenth century with carcharhinid sharks and Carcharodon. Solander's manuscript notes exist in two states in the Slip Catalogue (D. & W. 45); f.209 is a large folded sheet mostly written in pencil which must be his first draft notes. They are neatly transcribed at ff. 207— 208 (four pages) and f. 206 is a diagnosis with reference to Linnaeus (1766) in Solander's hand. 56.(1:52) Squalus lebruni (Vaillant, 1888) Squalidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sq. acanthias ?/ [ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] '17 Squalus maculatus/[ink] Aehie no Mauwe'. 292 X 467. Manuscript: Solander - [none] . Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 as sketch with colours S. Acanthias ? — N.Z. , S. Parkinson. Notes: the verso of this drawing has an unlabelled pencil outline of Parapercis colias (Schneider, 1801), which is cancelled by two oblique lines. The name Acanthias maculatus was published by Richardson (1 843*3, 1843^) attributed to Squalus maculatus Parkinson, fig. pict. 1 , f. 52 (with slight variation between the two accounts). Fortunately, this name is preoccupied by Squalus maculatus Bloch & Schneider, 1 801 , otherwise it would predate Squalus lebruni Vaillant, 1888. 57 .(1:53) Cephaloscy Ilium isabella (Bonnaterre, 1788) Scyliorhinidae Drawing: finished water-colour, dorsal view; r. [pencil] 'Isabella Broussonet/ THE CATALOGUE 55 [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] '8 Squalus lima/ [ink] Aehie no Mauwe'. 480 X 295. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45) S.C. Amphibia 1 flf. 189-192, 'Habitat in OceanoNovam Zelandiam alluente . . . (Nov. 24. 1769)'; (D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f. 167 (199), same details. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 , probably third entry from bottom, sketch with colours Squalus N.Z., S. Parkinson. Notes: this drawing was examined by Broussonet ( 1 7 80) in the 'collection de M. le Chevalier Banks', and Broussonet's description was compiled from manuscript notes provided by Solander. Broussonet, however, provided no binominal names for his account of the dogfishes, merely referring to this species as l'Isabelle'. The name was latinized as Squalus Isabella by Bonnaterre (1788), and independently by Gmelin (1789), both of whom relied directly on Broussonet's description. The Solander name lima was published by Richardson (18430, l ^4-3^) as Scyllium ? lima, with references to Parkinson's drawing and to Broussonet. The drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968). 58.(1:54) Carcharhinus sp. Carcharhinidae Drawing: finished pencil and wash, viewed obliquely from in front, detail of underside of head in pencil; r. [ink] 'Squalus Carchadius'; v. [none]. 294 X 472. Manuscript: see no. 55. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 as finished without colour S. CarchariasL. a tergo Oc, S. Parkinson. Notes: see no. 55. 59.(1:55) Carcharhinus sp. Carcharhinidae Drawing: finished pencil side view of shark, detail of underside of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'SQUALUS/Vulpecula./glaucus. vid. Phil. Trans, vol. 68 p 789. fig. /long. 35 pedum.'; v. [ink] 'Botany Bay'. 358 X 525. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 157 (189), diagnosis only; (D. & W. 4o)P.N.H. f.4(86) 2 May 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 2 1 probably the drawing referred to as finished without colour, Squalus N.C. , Sporing. Notes: the reference in the annotations to the Philosophical Transactions relates to the paper by Watson (1779) in which he describes a stuffed blue shark {Prionace glauca(L., 1758)), then in the British Museum, but caught in shallow water on the coast of Devonshire. This is also the origin of the name :'glauca' in the annotation. This drawing is not referable to Prionace glauca. The Endeavour was at Botany Bay on 2 May 1 770 (Groves, 1 962). 60.(1: 56) Hemiscy Ilium ocellatum (Bonnaterre, 1788) Hemiscyllidae Drawing: finished pencil side view and underside of head by H. D. Sporing; r. [pencil] 'SQUALUS oculatus. /Sporing [partly trimmed off]'; v. 'Endeavours river/Hemiscyllium ocellatum Muller und Henle'. 358 X 525. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.N.H. f.7 (89), as Squalus oculatus, $6 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Australian Seas, Endeavour River, Careening place, 22 June 1770; length 2 feet 7 inches. Dryander — Catalogue [not listed] . Notes: this small shark was first described by Broussonet (1784) in non-binominal form as 'l'oeille' from a specimen two and a half feet long in the collection of Joseph Banks. He reported that 'elle a ete pechee au mois de Juillet, dans la mer du Sud, sur le cote de la nouvelle Hollande', which suggests either an error in transcription from Solander's manuscript, or the capture of another specimen which was unrecorded by Solander. Broussonet's account formed the basis for Bonnaterre's (1788) proposal of a formal name for thetaxon. Independently, Gmelin (1789) also proposed the name Squalus ocellatus for this taxon, deriving his information from Broussonet. Miiller & Henle examined this drawing (the annotation Hemiscyllium ocellatum Muller und Henle is believed to have been written at the time of their visit because of the use of 'und'). They refer to a specimen of 25 feet length in the British Museum collection at the time of their visit (before 1 840). This strongly suggests that it was Banks's specimen which Broussonet described at the same length, and which in Solander's manuscript notes was described as '2 ped 7 unc' long. Shaw (1793) described this shark, citing both Broussonet (1784) and Gmelin (1789), as 'a native of the Southern Seas', his illustration (pi. 161) was the first published of the species, and appears to have been made from a specimen, not copied from Sporing's drawing, as there are features in the engraving not visible on the drawing. This suggests that Shaw's illustration was made from the Endeavour specimen either in the British Museum or still in Banks's collection (the former seeming more probable). The presence of unnatural ridges by the branchial openings also suggests that the specimen was dry or stuffed. Three unlocalized stuffed specimens (f, g— h) of this species were in the British Museum collection in the late nineteenth century (Giinther, 1 8 70) but were described as half-grown, and were thus probably smaller than thirty inches in length, only one of these (specimen f) can now be found but is too small to be the Endeavour specimen. A specimen from Broussonet's collection is still preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Bauchot, 1969) (MNHN - 1003); it is 355 mm in length. Although Bauchot explicitly and correctly stated it was not a type as it was not mentioned in the original description, Dingerkuss & De Fino (1983) have listed it as the holotype. The drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968). — (1:57) Naso unicornis (Forsskal, 1775) Acanthuridae A drawing of Naso unicornis (Forsskal, 1775) by George Forster, labelled r. 'Chaetodon unicornis Anmi saw where', v. 'No 66 Balistoides Rhinoceros Otahite' was misbound in the Endeavour voyage drawings although it was clearly from the Resolution voyage. It was not listed by Whitehead ( 1 978^) although the notes that he gives from the manuscript 'Catalogue of Forster drawings . . .' (his Cat. B) probably refer to this drawing and this species not to Forster f. 194 Harpurus monoceros. In the bound volume of the Endeavour drawings this folio had been numbered 57. THE CATALOGUE 57 jf>l .(1:580) Rhinecanthus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Balistidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Balist. aculeatus/Ouree AaaV [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N°4i. Balistes angulatus/ [ink] Otahite'. 254 X 318. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 40) P. A. O. P. f. 57 (177) Balistes angulatus Fig.Pict. (Balistes aculeatus is described at f.41 (159)). Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 23 as Balistes aculeatus L. Ot. , S. Parkinson sketch with colours. NOTES: the name Balistes angulatus was published in the synonymy of B. rectangulus by Richardson (1848) who quoted Solander's description and referred to Parkinson's drawing. 62.(1 158^) Naso lituratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1 801) Acanthuridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Chaetodon harpuri mss varietas minor. /Eoomai'; v. [pencil] 'N°3i Balistoides olivaceus/a fish of this sort [indecipherable] the same, the yellow upon it inclining to green the blue on the back broader done with/Verditer the orange spots the breadth of the tail & very bright, a circle of white after the green of the/tail the P. A. was green near the body then brown then orange the black edged w' white lips orange/ [ink] Otahite'. 224 X 295. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f.42 (160) as Balistoides olivaceus. Dryander — Catalogue f. 145 as sketch with colours Chaetodon Harpurus var. Brouss. Soc. Isl., S. Parkinson. Notes: the name olivaceus, in the combination Acanthurus olivacei was used for another surgeon-fish from the Resolution voyage, described by Forster from Tahiti (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), but it was independently derived. The annotation Chaetodon harpuri mss varietas minor is presumed to have been written by Broussonet, or following his notes, and confirms the ascription in Dryander's Catalogue. Broussonet appears to have made a study of the 'Chaetodon' species (see Gmelin, 1789:1269). 63.(1:59) Rhinecanthus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Balistidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Balist. aculeatus L./oide/Oelh/oiwe tea/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The colours on the back soften'd in the Orange & purple bright/N? 50 Balistes ornatus/ [ink] Otahite.' 267 X 368. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f.93 (213) as Balistes ornatus. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 23 probably one of the two drawings listed as sketch with colours B. aculeatus L. Ot. , S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Balistes ornatus was published by Richardson (1848) in the synonymy of his account of Balistes aculeatus. Richardson quoted Solander's description verbatim. 58 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 64.(1 :6o) Melichthys vidua (Richardson, 1 845) Balistidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Aehee tua/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the whole body fusca black towards the tail & paler on the face & breast/ the iris of the eye olive pupil black. /N° 29 Balistes vidua/ [ink] Otahite'. 267X371. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f.36 (154) as Balistes vidua. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 23 as sketch with colours Balistes vidua Brouss. Ot. , S. Parkinson. Notes: Richardson (1845) used Solander's name Balistes vidua properly attribut- ing it to Solander's authorship and referring to this drawing as 'Parkinson in Bibl. Banks 1. No. 60. 29'. He also cited George Forster's drawing ('Forster in Bibl. Banks. No. 246') also from Tahiti. There is a specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) 1972.8. 16. 1. which Giinther (1870) described as 'Adult: bleached. Otaheiti. Old Collection. Probably from Cook's voyage, and type of the Species' which if strictly interpreted should mean it was an Endeavour specimen. This specimen is 165 mm standard length (192 mm t.l.). Unfortunately, Solander gave no measurements for the specimens he examined and he apparently preserved seven specimens of the species. There is thus no way of telling whether this specimen is an Endeavour fish, or whether it was the one drawn — the drawing measures 152 mm S.L. (182 mm t.l.) and is thus close to the specimen in length. It could equally well be a Resolution specimen drawn by Forster and approaches that drawing closely in size; Wheeler ( 1 98 1 ) considered it more likely to be the Forster specimen. It still possesses type status. 65.(1:61) Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Balistidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Oiree Nemoo/[ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] 'N? 57. Balistes Gigas/ [ink] Otahite'. 266 X 371. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f.65 (185) as Balistes gigas, Fig. Pict. Dryander - Catalogue probably f. 123 sketch with colours, Balistes Ot. , S. Parkinson, one of two entries so labelled. Notes: Solander's manuscript name does not appear to have been used by subsequent authors. 66.(1:62) Cantherhines dumerili (Hollard, 1854) Balistidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Oilhe roweppa/ [ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] 'The whole body of the fish fusca. the tail the same lighter at the tip the part/at the beginning of the tail dirty white the finns transparent the ribs/dirty yellow the Iris of the eye orange pupil black. /72. Balistes chrysopterus/ [ink] Otahite'. 267 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f. 129 (249) as Balistes chrysopterus. Dryander - Catalogue probably f. 123 sketch with colours, Balistes Ot. , S. Parkinson, one of two entries so labelled. THE CATALOGUE 59 Notes: Schneider's (1801) use of the name Balistes chrysopterus appears to have been independent of Solander's manuscript. 67 .(1:63) Arothron meleagris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Tetraodontidae Drawing: pencil with some colour; r. [pencil] 'Ehooi/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the whole of this Fish fins & all is a purple black spotted with milk colour'd spots/the teeth dirty white/N? 49 Tetraodon Meleagris/ [ink] Otahite'. 270 X 37 1 . Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40) P.A.O.P. f.78 (198) as Tetraodon meleagris; a note records that the specimen was skinned. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 25, one of two listed as sketch with colours, Tetrodon Ot. , S. Parkinson. Notes: Schneider's (1801) name Tetrodon meleagris was derived from Lacepede's (1798) use of Le Tetrodon meleagris, the details of which in turn derived from a manuscript of Commerson. These names appear to be independent of Solander's name. 68 .(1:64) Aluterus scrip >tus (Osbeck, 1765) Balistidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Balistes monoceros. /Sydney Parkinson pinx' 1768'; v. [ink] 'Oct r . 4 1768/Lat N.\ 234 X 292. acera?-. ' / en. ivi'i" jh ix Fig. 8 Cheilodactylus (Goniistius) vestitus (Castelnau, 1 878). Drawing by Sporing of a fish from Endeavour River. (Catalogue number 99.) THE CATALOGUE 73 Notes: this fish was not described by Solander. Only 15 species of fish were described from New Holland; several of these were drawn by Sporing, a much higher proportion than his zoological drawings elsewhere. Richardson (1841) described Cheilodactylus gibbosus from two specimens collected by John Gould in Western Australia but added '. . . the fish also inhabits the seas of New Zealand, Mr. Gray having recognised a drawing by Parkinson of a specimen which was caught in Endeavour River, on Cook's second voyage as being a correct representation of this fish. (Vide Banks, Icon. ined. t. 23)'. This suggests that at the date of reading the paper (9 March 1841) Richardson had not himself examined the Parkinson drawings. It also suggests that both Gray and Richardson had confused the first and second Cook voyages, and moreover had misplaced the Endeavour River to New Zealand (rather than present-day Queensland); possibly it was this that caused Richardson to attribute other Australian (New Holland) fishes to the New Zealand fauna (see numbers 49, 50 and 5 1 in this catalogue). Despite all this confusion it was the apparent identity of the Endeavour drawing with Gould's fishes which led Richardson to adopt Solander's manuscript name Chaetodon gibbosus, inappropriately as it has recently transpired. Randall (1983) has recently confirmed that Cheilodactylus gibbosus Richardson, 1841 is confined to the coast of Western Australia. The morwong which occurs at Endeavour River (and off eastern Australia and in the adjacent Pacific Ocean) is Cheilodactylus (Goniistius) vestitus (Castelnau, 1878). There are no specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) which can be associated with the Endeavour collection. 100.(2:23/^) Chaetodon trifascialis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825 Chaetodontidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ch. strigangulus/ [ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] 'N? 6 Chaetodon strigangulus/ [ink] Otahite'. 263 X 326. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.70 (190) as Chaetodon strigangulatus, vernacular names, three specimens preserved, number A128 in Cagg 5, and two specimens A144 in Cagg 6. Dryander - Catalogue f. 147, five Parkinson drawings from the Society Islands are listed as sketch with colours Chaetodon; this may be one of the five. Notes: the name Chaetodon striganguli was published by Gmelin (1789) in a list of species of Chaetodon supplied by Broussonet. No doubt Broussonet derived the name from this drawing if not from Solander's manuscript. The name is not available from this date. However, Cuvier (1831) formally published Solander's name, referring to this drawing, and pointing out that the specimen was then in Broussonet's collection. He also referred to Broussonet's communication to Gmelin. Following Cuvier the name Chaetodon strigangulus was used by numerous authors (for synonymy see Burgess, 1978). The Broussonet specimen is still preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN-9680); Bauchot (1969) listed it as C. trifascialis. The other specimens from the voyage appear not to have survived; they are not in the British Museum (Natural History). The drawing was also cited by Lay & Bennett (1 839) in an independent proposal 74 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS of the name Chaetodon strigangulus . They also quoted extensively from the Solander manuscript. This drawing was reproduced in Whitehead (1968) at Plate 1 8 as Megaprotodon strigangulus (Cuvier, 1 83 1). 101. (2:240) Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 183 1 Chaetodontidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ch. citrinellus mss/Paraharaka eroutoi/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'to be spotted/where the dotts is, colours sweeten'd in the scales very faint & those on the fins very small - /N°. 13 . Chaetodon punctatus./[ink] Otahite'. 255 X 326. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.15* (132) as Chaetodon punctatus. Dryander - Catalogue f. 147 as sketch with colours, Chaetodon citrinellus Brouss Soc. Isl., S. Parkinson. Notes: "the name citrinellus was coined by Broussonet for this specimen and it was one of several names in Chaetodon which he communicated to Gmelin (1789), although it it not available nomenclaturally from that date. However, Cuvier (183 1 ) validated it citing the Parkinson drawing in Banks's library and Solander's manuscript in addition to other material. He had a specimen from Broussonet, believed to have come from the Endeavour collection, which is still preserved in the Mus6um National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN-9905) (Bauchot, 1969). 102.(2:24^) Chaetodon trifasciatus lunulatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1 824 Chaetodontidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ch. vittatus/Seb. th.3 tab. 29. f. 18. Ch. bellissimus Paraharaka ututhi/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] f N°. 35 [ink] Otahite'. 236 X 296. Manuscript: Solander - none. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 47 , possibly the drawing labelled Chaetodon bellus Brouss. Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: none of the names given in the annotations to the drawing can be identified with entries in Solander's manuscript. The drawing may be the one Dryander listed as C. bellus in his Catalogue, and this name was one of the several communicated by Broussonet to Gmelin (1789) as belli. This drawing was referred to by Cuvier ( 1 83 1 ) under his account of Chaetodon trifasciatus Park, 1 797 as a good illustration by Parkinson. For many years this species has been referred to by Park's name but Burgess (1978) divided the species into two subspecies of which the Pacific form is C. trifasciatus lunulatus. The name Chaetodon vittatus published by Bloch & Schneider, 1 801 , was based solely on Park's description and is thus a junior objective synonym of C. trifasciatus. Lay & Bennett (1839) cited this drawing as Chaetodon bellus under their description of Chaetodon vittatus, and also drew attention to their inability to find a description in the Solander manuscript. A specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) (Giinther, 1860:24, THE CATALOGUE 75 specimen g) from the Old Collection may be the Endeavour specimen. It is 108 mm T.L. (92 mm S.L.). 103.(2:25) Naso unicornis (Forsskal, 1775) Acanthuridae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Lat- Aumauma/Eumae/variet Chaet. unicornis ?/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the spots on the P.D. & lines on the P. A. are pale grey — about the middle of the back is a ridge/2 spots of dark blue near the tail, the green brighter on the sides — /N°. 5 Chaetodon olivaceous/ [ink] Otahite'. 270 X 371. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.7 (194) as Chaetodon olivaceus, one specimen number A. 124, in Cagg 5 (also f. 10* (125) another specimen 'unmark'd in y e old Cagg'; the first specimen was the figured one). Dryander — Catalogue f. 145, as sketch with colours, C. unicornis var. Brouss. Soc. Isl., S. Parkinson. Notes: this drawing and Solander's description together served as the sole source of Valenciennes's (1835) name Naseus olivaceus. Giinther (1861) recognized this species and listed a specimen as 'a. Four inches long. Otaheiti. Type of the species . . .'; this specimen is still preserved in the British Museum (Natural History) at 1962. 12. 14.3., it is 109 mm T.L. (90mmS.L.). This illustration was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 22; he gives the length of the drawing as 120 mm T.L. Recently remeasured it is 118 mm, which is near enough to the length of the surviving specimen allowing for shrinkage over two hundred years in alcohol, to permit recognition of it as the type specimen. 104.(2:26) Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) unimaculatus unimaculatus Bloch, 1787 Chaetodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ch. unimaculatus/chaet. fugitivus mss/Paraharaheteare/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] l N°. 18 Chaetodon ocellatus/ [ink] Otahite'. 270 X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.69 (189) as Chaetodon ocellatus, vernacular names, three specimens marked A. 126 in Cagg 5, one unmarked (the list of specimens preserved at f.290 gives two specimens marked A. 126). Dryander - Catalogue f. 147 as sketch with colours, C. fugitivus Brouss. Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: this drawing and the Solander description were cited by Cuvier (1 83 1) under the description of Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch. Solander's name Chaetodon ocellatus was used independently by Bloch (178 1) for a different taxon. The third name in the annotations, Chaetodon fugitivus, was Broussonet's and was published by Gmelin (1789) as C. fugitivi although it is not a name available in zoological nomenclature from this date. Giinther (1 860) lists a specimen of Chaetodon unimaculatus as 'c. Adult: bleached. Old Collection' which may be one of the Endeavour specimens, although at 90 mm T.L. (75 mm S.L.) it is too small to be the figured specimen if that was drawn life size. Whitehead (1968) gives the drawing as 116 mm T.L. ~/6 THE EATDEAVOl/R ANIMAL DRAWINGS 1 05. (2: 2 j a) Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede, 1803) Chaetodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ch. lunula/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; i\ [pencil] 'Chaetodon corruscus/ [ink] Princess Island'. 256 X 323. Manuscript: Solander — none. Dryander — Catalogue — no drawing listed from Princes Island. Notes: a specimen from the Old Collection still exists in the British Museum (Natural History) with the locality Princes Island on its label; it is specimen 'a' of Giinther (1860:25). The specimen is in poor condition, is 135 mm S.L., 153 T.L. Adhering under the bottom of the bottle is a label 'Chaetodon corruscus Princes Island'. This seems sufficient evidence to consider it to be an Endeavour specimen. 106.(2:27^) C 'entropy >ge flavisimus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 83 1 Pomacanthidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N?32/ The whole fish is a fine bright orange like the rupicola having a narrow black [border — deleted] at the edge of the/soft part of the P.D. & Pect. & tail, the circle round the eye & the marks by the gills ultramarine. /the Iris of the eye brownish gold colour pupil black. /Chaetodon luteolus [ink] Otahite'. 235 X 290. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 15* (132) as Chaetodon luteolus. Dryander — Catalogue f. 147, presumed to be one of several unspecified drawings of Chaetodon by Parkinson from the Society Islands. Notes: this drawing was cited by Cuvier (1831) as the sole source of his Holacanthus luteolus Cuvier, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1831; he appears to have known only the drawing not Solander's manuscript. 107.(2:28) Acanthurus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthuridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Chaetodon lineatus L. / [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Amaroa/The edging round the P.D. & Pect. is pale sky blue./N° 16 Labrus elegantissimus/ [ink] Otahite'. 269 X 378. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.21 (139) as Labrus elegantissimus, specimen A51 (apparently not preserved see ^(287)). Dryander — Catalogue not entered as Labrus elegantissimus, the drawing may have been one of several listed as Labrus from the Society Islands, ff. 1 5 1 — 1 53 . Notes: Solander's manuscript name Labrus elegantissimus seems not to have been used by later workers. 108.(2:290) Zanclus cornutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Acanthuridae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'pale blue [note referring to dorsal fin]/Ch. Cornutus L/Tatahee/ [ink] S. Parkinson';^, [pencil] 'there is of this fish as large again/N? 2 1 Chaetodon rostratus/ [ink] Otahite'. 237 X 294. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 1 (113) as Chaetodon THE CATALOGUE 77 rostratus, several specimens listed at numbers Ai, A77 and A162; specimen A77 is noted as 'larger and better'. Dryander - Catalogue f. 145 as sketch with colours Chaetodon cornutus L. Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: the note on the drawing 'there is of this fish as large again' was presumably made with reference to the note in Solander's manuscript that specimen A77 was 'larger and better' than the drawn specimen. A total of four specimens were preserved (Solander, P.A.O.P. £(285)) on the voyage. Giinther (1860:493) listed two specimens of Z. cornutus as from the Old Collection (specimens m and n); possibly both were from the Endeavour voyage but both have subsequently been deleted from the annotated catalogue and presumably destroyed. 109.(2:29^) Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) Pomacentridae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Chaetodon luridus/ [pencil] castaneus mss/[ink] S. Parkinson/T.20. Madeira'; v. [none]. 145 X 236. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 45)S.C. Pisces 1, f. 176-1771;. as Chaetodon luridus, habitat in Oceano Atlantico ad Maderam, vernacular name Castanhete; (D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f.227 (254), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 47 as finished in colours, Chaetodon luridus Broussonet Madeira, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Chaetodon luridus was published by Cuvier (1830) and derived from a specimen in Broussonet's collection. This specimen is still preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN 5286) S.L. 82 mm (T.L. 1 10). It is the holotype ofGlyphisodon luridus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 830 and is undoubtedly the Endeavour specimen from Madeira. The name, as C. luridi, was communicated by Broussonet to Gmelin (1789) but is not available for zoological nomenclature as of this date. As Cuvier pointed out, Solander also used the name Chaetodon luridus for an acanthurid from Tahiti (see P.A.O.P. f. 47 (165), three specimens preserved, A91, A99, and A174), but Cuvier was apparently unaware that the Madeiran fishes were described and listed in the Solander Slip Catalogue (D. & W. 45) not in the formal manuscript from the voyage which, it is believed, Cuvier had had copied (see earlier p. 23, and Diment & Wheeler (1984)). 1 10.(2:300) Acanthurus glaucopareius Cuvier, 1829 Acanthuridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'ch. glaucopareius mss./id Seba Thes.3. t25. n.3/Maito/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N? 62 Chaetodon umbra/ [ink] Otahite'. 258 X 329. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.116, (236) as Chaetodon umbra, one specimen preserved, numbered A179, in Cagg 6. Dryander - Catalogue f. 145 as Chaetodon glaucopareius Broussonet, sketch with colours Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: Acanthurus glaucopareius was a name communicated to Cuvier by J. R. Forster, on the basis of a specimen from Cook's Resolution voyage which was later named A. nigricans Bloch & Schneider, 1801. The Endeavour specimen was not referred to in either account. 78 THE EAfDEAVOt/R ANIMAL DRAWINGS III. (2:30^) Chaetodon vagabundus Linnaeus, 1758 Chaetodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'dark chestnut [refers to colouring of caudal fin edge]/Ch. vagabundus/chaet. speciosus mss./Dors. 12 totium/ Paraha/Paraharaha outou rore [indecipherable] /[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N°48 Chaetodon aulicus/ [ink] Otahite'. 246 X 341. manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 40c) P. A. O. P. f.81 (201), vernacular names, one specimen, numbered A136, in Cagg 5. Dryander - Catalogue f. 147 as Chaetodon speciosus Broussonet, sketch with colours Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: both the names C. speciosi and C. aulici were published by Gmelin (1789) in a note communicated by Broussonet, but neither name is available for zoological nomenclature. Cuvier (1831) refers to this drawing, using the name Chaetodon speciosus, within the synonymy of C. vagabundus, and referring to the citation in Gmelin. The specimen from Broussonet's collection was examined by Cuvier; it is still preserved in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN A 10067) S.L. 89 mm (T.L. 108) (Bauchot, 1969). This is presumed to be the Endeavour specimen. 1 1 2.(2:3 id) Heniochus chrysostomus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 83 1 Chaetodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'chaetodon macrolepidotus L./ Tatoha/Peooe/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 54 Chaetodon Chrysostomus/ [ink] Otahite'. 247 X 330. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.64 (184), as Chaetodon chrysostomus, vernacular names, one specimen, numbered A117 in Cagg 5. Dryander - Catalogue f. 145, as sketch with colours, Chaetodon macrolepidotus L. Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: Heniochus chrysostomus was described by Cuvier (1 83 1) solely from this drawing by Parkinson and the name was derived from the annotation on it; he made no reference to the Solander manuscript description. This drawing therefore has some type status. Both the drawing and the Solander manuscript were cited by Lay & Bennett (1839) and they quoted extensively from the latter under the name Heniochus chrysostomus. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as plate 17, identified as Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758). 1 13.(2:3 lb) Abudefduf sexfasciatus (Lacepede, 1 801) Pomacentridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Chaet. saxatilis L./Emanmoa'; v. [pencil] '73 Chaetodon coelestinus/ [ink] Ulhietea'. 249X328. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 129, (249) as Chaetodon coelestinus, total of four specimens, one reference number A200 in Cagg 6 (but not marked with the number) and three unnumbered, 'Hab. in Oceano Pacifico prope THE CATALOGUE 70 Fig. 9 Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1 766). A Parkinson drawing of a rudder-fish made in the tropical Atlantic in 1768. (Catalogue number 1 14.) C4/?!ed. [ink] 'Nov 1 : 8. 1768/Coast of BrasiP. 258 X 324. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45)S.C. Pisces 2, f. 3 4-3 7 as Sciaena rubens, 'Habitat ... a territoria Spiritus Sancti Brasiliae'; specimen 82 inches long. (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.249 (276), same data. Notes: Solander's name Sciaena rubens does not appear to have been adopted by any later naturalist. 1 50.(2:63^) C entracanthus cirrus Rafinesque, 1 8 10 Emmelichthyidae Drawing: finished water-colour, with ink detail of head with jaws extended; r. [ink] 'Sciaena angustata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx'. 1768.'; v. [ink] 'Madeira'. 234X293. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 27-29 as Sciaena angustata, 'Habitat in Oceano Atlantico prope insulam Maderam'; specimen 7 inches long. (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.245 (272), same data. Notes: the name Sciaena angustata was adopted by Valenciennes (1830) and published as Smaris angustatus, based on this drawing although Solander was credited as the author. This drawing therefore has some type standing. Two separate specimens labelled Smaris insidator with no provenance were listed by Giinther (1859) an d might have been Endeavour specimens. Unfortunately they were both placed in the one bottle in the early twentieth century and that bottle was recently broken, so it is impossible to verify this conjecture. 151.(2: 640) Lutjanus semicinctus Quoy & Gaimard, 1 8 24 Lutjanidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Perca coregona mss/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Sciena vittata/ [ink] Princes Island'. 248 X 332. Manuscript: Solander - not traced (see below and entry 152). Dryander - 94 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Catalogue f. 155, under Sciaena, listed as Perca coregona Brouss. sketch with colours, Princes Island, S. Parkinson. Notes: there is no record of Sciaena vittata in the Solander manuscript Animalia Javanesis et Capensis (D. & W. 40-d) in which it should have been included if Dryander's locality, Princes Island, is correct. Sciaena vittata is included in the manuscript describing the fishes and other animals from the Pacific Ocean (D. & W. 40c) — see number 152, this catalogue. Clearly the two drawings represent different taxa but the use of the same name is inexplicable. Solander's name Sciena vittata seems never to have been employed by other naturalists although Lacepede (1 802) published the same name apparently deriving it from Commerson's manuscript. The entry in Dryander's catalogue attributes the name Perca coregona to Broussonet but this also has not been taken up by later authors. 1 52.(2:64/^) Sargocentron diadema (Lacepede, 1799) Holocentridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil note by anal fin offish] 'deep carmin/ [pencil] Ee-chi [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N?38 Sciena vittata/ [ink] Otahite'. 256 X 329. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.24 (142), locality Tahiti, serial number A. 59 but not preserved (see f.287). Dryander — Catalogue f. 155, possibly the drawing identified as Holocentrus macrophthalmus Brouss. Society Islands, S. Parkinson; otherwise any one of three Sciaena drawings from the same locality. Notes: Solander's name Sciena vittata seems not to have been used by later naturalists, but see discussion under number 1 5 1 in this catalogue. 1 53. (2: 65) Aplodactylus arctidens Richardson, 1839 Aplodactylidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sciena Meandrites mss/Sciaena [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the whole back of this fish & the finns a Green gray Speckled wt black/The ground colour gradually turning pale towards the belly./ N° 1 Meandrites/ [ink] Mattaruwhow'. 298 X 470. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.2 (4) as Meandrites, Habitat prope Cape Kidnappers; f. 68 index entry only. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 57 under pencil genus heading Meandrites sketch with colours, Sciaena Meandrites Brouss. New Zealand, S. Parkinson. Notes: Richardson (1842^) quoted Solander's manuscript account of Sciaena meandratus in the discussion of his description of the species Aplodactylus arctidens, opening his quotation with the comment that 'The first example of this genus was discovered by Solander on the coast of New Zealand, and named by him "Sciaena maeandratus." . . .'. Nowhere does he state or imply that this was a proposal of a new name. Despite this many authors have used the namt Sciaena maeandratus as if it was proposed as a valid binomen, for example Whitehead (1968) who claims the Parkinson drawing was the basis for Aplodactylus meandratus Richardson, 1842. THE CATALOGUE 95 However, Richardson (1 843a) also quotes his earlier paper as if the Solander name was validly proposed; here too he refers to the drawing, as he does also in Richardson (1843*). This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 19. 154.(2:66) Latridopsis ciliaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1 80 1 ) Latridae Drawing: pencil sketch; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson';?;, [pencil] 'The upper side of the fish dark grey losing itself by degrees in a silvery colour the/finns & tail dark grey./ 19 Scienasalmonea/[ink] Totarranue'. 288 X 475. Manuscript: Solander - not described but listed as Sciena salmonea at P. A. index (f.72) as two specimens (D. & W. 40a). Dryander - Catalogue f. 155-7, presumably one of the seven drawings of Sciaena made by Parkinson at New Zealand. Notes: this species was described by Schneider from J. R. Forster's manuscript notes made on the Resolution voyage. Solander's name Sciena salmonea does not appear to have been used by later naturalists. This drawing was cited by Richardson (1842^) in his discussion of the previously undescribed genus Latris. 1 55.(2:67) Arripis trutta (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Arripidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sciaena mulloides mss/[ink] S. Parkinson';^, [pencil] '9. Mulloides sapidissimus/ [ink] Opoorage'. 330X461. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f. 17 (19), as Mulloides sapidissimus, habitat Tegadu, Tolaga, one specimen numbered B.26; also (f. 68) index, where the serial number is not recorded. Dryander — Catalogue f. 155 as Sciaena mulloides Brouss. sketch with colours, New Zealand, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Mulloides sapidissimus was published as a reference in synonymy by Richardson (1843^) wno referred both to the manuscript and the Parkinson drawing under his name Centropristes sapidissimus. Richardson noted the differences in the localities cited by Solander and Parkinson. Richardson (1842^) also discussed the drawing and manuscript and quoted extensively from the latter. This species was first named by Schneider from J. R. Forster's manuscript notes made on the Resolution voyage. Although Cuvier (1828) refers to G. A. Forster's drawing of Sciaena trutta in Banks's collection and had had the drawing copied he appeared to be unaware of the Parkinson drawing. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1963) at Plate 10. 156. (2:68) Arripis trutta (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Arripidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sciaena mulloides. /Hekawai/ [ink] S. Parkinson';?;, [pencil] '9 Mulloides sapidissimus/ [ink] Queen Charlotts Sound'. 298 X 279. 96 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Manuscript: see number 155. Notes: Richardson (1842^) referred to this drawing within the discussion of Centropristes salar Richardson, 1 839, but there is no evidence there that Richardson intended the name Centropristes mulloides to be read as a valid binominal (indeed the combination nowhere appears in that paper). Despite this some authors seem to have regarded it as the proposal of a new name including Richardson (1 843*3, b) himself. In the first of these two references Richardson cites this drawing by number. 157.(2:68—69) ? Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) Centropomidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sciaena'; v. [pencil] 'N° 18. Gadoides/ [ink] Brasil'. 268 X 374. Manuscript: Solander — not traced. Dryander — not traced. See Notes below. Notes: the absence of a binominal name makes it impossible to trace this drawing in the manuscripts. In fact, Sciaena gadoides does occur in P. A. f.42 (44) (D. & W. 40a) but refers to a fish with Habitat off Motuaro, New Zealand. If the locality on the drawing is correctly attributed by Dryander this name and description cannot refer to this drawing. The drawing is very imperfect; its style is uncertain and it is difficult to attribute it to an artist. If the locality, Brazil, is correct it is possibly by Buchan and in some respects it has similarities with his uncertain line and colouring. It may, however, be by Parkinson. It is noteworthy that Dryander did not certainly attribute it to any artist. The identification of the drawing is uncertain. The Brazilian locality suggests Centropomus, but it is not an accurate representation of that species, and certain features suggest it might be a sciaenid. 1 $8.(2:6<))Anisotremussurinamensis (Bloch, 1 79 1) Sparidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Perca [written above as a substitute for Sciaena] /[ink] Sciaena labiata/S. Parkinson';^, [ink] 'Brasil'. 295 X 462. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45)S.C. Pisces2, f.30-33, as Sciaena labiata, Habitat in Brasilia, length 20 inches; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. 247 (274), same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 155 as Sciaena labiata mss, finished in colours, Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Sciaena labiata does not appear to have been employed by any later naturalist. 1 5 9.(2: 70) Sargocentron tiere (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) Holocentridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'holocentrus macrophthalmus/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the whole fish of a bright carmine colour somewhat paler before as are the spines/the spots on the P.D. white the first circle of the eye purple 2 nd red pupil black/N? 43 Sciaena rubra/ [ink] Otahite'. 267 X 372. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.24 (142) as Sciaena rubra, THE CATALOGUE 97 serial number A. 58; (f.287) index and list of specimens collected, suggests that no specimen was preserved. Dryander - Catalogue f. 155, originally as Sciaena but with Holocentrus macrophthalmus Brouss. pencilled in, sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Sciaena macropthalma occurs in Solander's manuscript P. A.O.P. at f.9 (1 23), and the entry is cross-referred to that for Sciaena rubra. It seems from the evidence of Dryander's Catalogue that Broussonet considered them identical and wrote the name S. macropthalma on the recto of the drawing. Neither name appears to have been used from Solander's manuscript by later naturalists, although when Sciaena rubra Bloch & Schneider, 1 801 , was used it was an independent proposal. 160.(2:7 1) Pterocaesio tile (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 830) Lutjanidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sciaena melanura mscr./Aaur- eoore/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N?40. Laveratoides amaenus/ [ink] Otahite'. 271. X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P. A.O.P. f.48 (166), as Lavaretoides amaenus, vernacular name, one specimen 'unmark'd' in Cagg 6. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 55— 6 not identified by name amongst the Sciaena species; Lavaretoides is not entered in the catalogue. Notes: Solander's name Lavaretoides amaenus does not appear to have been employed by later naturalists, nor does Sciaena melanura which is believed to be a Broussonet name. Cuvier (1 830) in describing the species Caesio tricolor refers to a Parkinson drawing in the Banks collection captioned Sciaena. This is the only Caesio (s.l.) drawing in the collection and may be the one referred to, although the description of the coloration does not entirely agree (however, it has to be stressed that Cuvier was working from a copy of the drawing, not the original). 161.(2:72) Pagrosomus auratus (Houttuyn, 1782) Sparidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Sparus erythrinus Linn ? [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'on the back ar a number of silvery spots with a blue cast./6 Sciena lata/ [ink] Oahoorage'. 290 X 475. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.22 (24), as Sciena lata, habitat coast near Opuragi and Oouhuragi (Mercury Bay and Hauraki Gulf). Dryander - Catalogue, not identifiable amongst the two Sparus and four Sciaena drawings at ff . 1 49 and 155. Notes: Solander's description was quoted extensively by Richardson (1842*3) in establishing his species Pagrus latus; the Parkinson drawing was also discussed and has standing as type material. Richardson also referred to G. Forster's drawing labelled Sciaena aurata, made on the Resolution voyage, the description of which formed the basis of Labrus auratus Bloch & Schneider, 1801 (Wheeler, 1981). The identification written on the recto of the drawing Sparus erythrinus Linn ? was 98 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS probably written by Broussonet who associated this drawing with this European seabream. This drawing is reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 13. 162.(2:73) Plectorhynchus picus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 830) Pomadasyidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Perca scelerata ms/Abootoo/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 15 Labrus punctatus/ [ink] Otahite'. 268 X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.44 (162) as Labrus punctatus; (f.289) no specimen preserved. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 5 1 as Labrus, pencil addition Perca scelerata Brouss. sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Labrus punctatus seems not to have been used by later naturalists, probably because it was preoccupied by Labrus punctatus Linnaeus, 1758. Perca scelerata, written on the recto of the drawing, is one of Broussonet's numerous annotations. The drawing which Cuvier referred to in his description of Diagramma pica is listed at number 167 in this catalogue. 163.(2:74) Polyprion oxygenios (Bloch & Schneider, 1 801) Percichthyidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Perca Gadoides mss./[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] '13. Sciaena gadoides/ [ink] Motuaro'. 298 X 489. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.42 (44) as Sciaena gadoides, habitat off Motuaro, no serial number, not preserved (f.72), total length 27 inches. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 57 as Sciaena, pencil addition Perca gadoides Brouss. sketch with colours, New Zealand, S. Parkinson. Notes: Epinephelus oxygenios was proposed by Schneider (1801) from the description made by J. R. Forster on the Resolution voyage of a specimen from Queen Charlotte's Sound, New Zealand. However, Schneider did not see the drawing which was in Banks's collection in London (Wheeler, 1 98 1). This drawing was copied by Mrs S. Bowdich and Cuvier (1829) referred to it, but made no reference to the Parkinson drawing of the same taxon. Neither Solander's name Sciaena gadoides nor Broussonet's amendation to Perca gadoides seem to have been used by later naturalists. iG^.i?,:*] 5a)Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775) Lutjanidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Eta apa/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'There is/some of this fish much larger/N?39. Perca vittata/[ink] Otahite'. 249 X 344. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 16 (134) as Perca vittata, several specimens, perhaps 5 in Cagg 4 numbered A.38, and two 'unmark'd' in Cagg 6. Dryander - Catalogue not identified by species, one of several Perca from the Society Islands drawn by Parkinson. THE CATALOGUE 99 Notes: Solander's name Perca vittata seems not to have been adopted by later naturalists. There are two specimens listed by Gunther (1859) under Genyroge bengalensis specimens d, and e, 'Adult India Old Collection'; they might be from the Endeavour voyage, but are as likely to be from the Resolution voyage (see Wheeler, 1981). 165.(2:7 5b) Epinephelus merra Bloch, 1793 Serranidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Serranus hexagonatus/ [pencil] Etaraao op appah/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Tarao The ground colour & the spots are darker & soften'd in to one another round about each spot/are small dots of white or straw colour — the same across the finns. there is of this fish as large again/N? 36. Perca maculata/ [ink] Otahite'. 244 X 356. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 40c) P. A. O. P. f.30 (148) as Perca maculata, three specimens two numbered A. 65, and one A. 127; f.288 confirms that three specimens were preserved. Dryander — Catalogue ff. 1 57—8 presumed to be one of several entries under Perca of drawings made at Tahiti by Sydney Parkinson. Notes: this drawing was the basis of Valenciennes's ( 1 829) Serranus Parkinsonii the name and description being derived from the drawing alone. The name Perca maculata was used by J. R. Forster in his manuscript account of the Resolution animals (Forster, 1844) but applies to the species Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskal, 1775), see Wheeler (198 1) for discussion. There are two specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) which may be Resolution specimens, and a third in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, received by Cuvier from Brousso- net and originally coming from Banks (Wheeler, 1 98 1 ; Bauchot, 1 969). The Paris specimen and the London specimens might have come from either the Endeavour collection or the Resolution, or both. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 12. 1 66.(2:76) Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829) Cirrhitidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] ( N°. 26. Perca areata/ [ink] Otahite'. 268 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) f.27 (145), as Labrus areatas, one specimen serial number A.64; f. 107 (227) as Perca areata, two specimens with serial number A. 167; also indexed f.288. Dryander - Catalogue ff. 158-9 not identified by name amongst the Perca entries for drawings from the Society Islands by Parkinson. Notes: Cuvier (1829) based his name Cirrhites arcatus partly on this Parkinson drawing, but had a specimen and another drawing as well. He derived the species name from the copy of the drawing provided by Mrs S. Bowdich, who had erroneously copied the Solander name 'Perca areata' as Perca areata. This discrepancy was noted by Richardson (1848) who quoted extensively from the Solander manuscript citing both accounts and differentiating by their serial numbers (A. 64 and A. 167). IOO THE £JVD£/lVO(/« ANIMAL DRAWINGS Fig. ii Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1829). Parkinson's drawing from a Tahitian fish was used as part basis by Cuvier for the description of this species, although because of a copyist's error the trivial name was changed from Solander's areata to areata. (Catalogue number 166.) 167.(2:77) Plectorhynchus picus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 830) Pomadasyidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] Tairhepha/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The parts mark'd thus x are white inclining to gray especially on the finns/ & on the face reddish, those mark'd w l 2 are black the scales edged w l dirty white./ The iris gold colour pupil black. /N° 45 Percoides pica/ [ink] Otahite'. 268 X 372. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 40c) P. A. O. P. f. 19 (137) as Percoides Pica, one specimen serial number A. 39; (f.287) index. Dryander - Catalogue - not traced, the name Percoides is not entered, and there is no entry Perca pica. Notes: Solander's name pica was employed by Cuvier (1830) in the form Diagramma pica and he referred to this drawing in his discussion of the species. He also had a specimen in his collection. Another drawing of this species is listed at number 162 in this catalogue. 168.(2:78) Cynoscion sp. Sciaenidae^ Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] l N°. 10. Perca/ [ink] Brasil'. 297 X 478. THE CATALOGUE 101 Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue f. 157 probably as Perca Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: as there is no trivial name on this drawing it is impossible to be certain to which entry in Dryander's Catalogue this drawing relates. The only Parkinson drawing from Brazil is said to be a 'sketch with colours' but this appears to be a finished drawing. On the other hand the detail of this drawing is dissimilar to Parkinson's usual style and it is possible that it is a Buchan drawing misattributed by Dryander in his annotation to the drawing. There are three Buchan drawings listed as Perca from Brazil in Dryander's Catalogue. Like several other Brazilian fishes there is no entry for this in Solander's manuscript. 1 69. (2:79*2) Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758) Serranidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Perca Imperator. /Sydney Parkinson. pinx 1 1768. /S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Madeira'. 263 X 329. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2 f.67-70^, as Perca Imperator, habitat in Oceano Atlantico Maderae, total length 72 inches. (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.257 (276), same data. Notes: Solander's name Perca Imperator (derived from his note of the Madeiran vernacular 'Emperador') seems not to have been employed by later naturalists. There is a specimen in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) from Madeira, in the Old Collection as Perca imperator (see Giinther, 1859) which is undoubtedly the Endeavour specimen. 170.(2:79??) Ant/iias ant/iias (Linnaeus, 1758) Serranidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour, pencil details of head and pelvic fin; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson Perca imperator T: 17 Madeira'; v. [pencil] 'Mem. that the P. A. is somewhat brownish & the Pinna V. is upon the orange lay the spots upon the head/ of a very delicate scarlet N.B. M r B. thinks it too pale'. 213 X 292. Manuscript: see above number 169. Notes: this must have been a preliminary sketch of this fish which was redrawn to take account of Banks's comments recorded in the annotation. See also number 169. 171.(2:80) Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1 793) Serranidae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; r. [ink] 'Buchan'; v. [pencil] 'N° 1 1 . Perca/ [ink] Brasil'. 269 X 368. Manuscript: Solander - not traced; there are no entries under the genus Perca in the Slip Catalogue (D. & W. 42). Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 57 presumed to be one of the three Brasilian drawings of Perca by A. Buchan. Notes: there are very few entries for Brazilian fishes in Solander's manuscripts; this is another example where no description was made. 102 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Fig. 12 Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793). Drawing by Buchan of a Brazilian fish. (Catalogue number 171.) 1 7 2 . (55 : 8 1 ) Cephalopholis urodelus (Bloch & Schneider, 1 80 1 ) Serranidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson [pencil] Matapoo'; v. [pencil] 'The whole body is dark red especially toward the tail & back. /spotted w l bright scarlet. /N? 37. Percaescarlatina/[ink] Otahite'. 269 X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.23 (141) as Perca escarlatina, one specimen serial number A. 56; f.34 (152) one specimen, number A. 68; f.35 (153) two specimens A. 72, and one A. 190; ^(287) lists four of these in the index and list of specimens. Dryander — Catalogue f. 157— 8, not identified amongst the seven Perca drawings by Parkinson from the Society Islands. Notes: the name Perca escarlatina appears not to have been adopted by any later naturalist. 173.(25:82) Mycteroperca sp . Serranidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Perca. asellina. /Sydney Parkinson pinx f 1769'; v. [pencil] '16 Perca/Gadoides/ [pencil — four lines of unreadable notes]/ [ink] Brasil'. 294 X 478. THE CATALOGUE IO3 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f.57~58v, as Perca asellina, Habitat at Rio Janeiro; (D. & W. 41)^251 (268), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 57 as Perca asellina mss, finished in colours Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Perca asellina seems not to have been used by later workers. The drawing appears to be of a large fish, but it is not possible to confirm this as for once no length was given for the specimen in Solander's description. The inferred large size of the specimen has led to an apparently inaccurate drawing which is difficult to identify. \^ \.{%\%'$) Serranus atrkauda Giinther, 1874 Serranidae Drawing: pencil & wash; r. [ink] 'Perca - decorata/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1768'; v. [ink] 'Madeira'. 270 X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f.63-64v, as Perca decorata, 'Habitat in Oceano Atlantico prope Maderam', length of the specimen 10 inches; (D. & W. 41) f. 255 (272), same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 157 as Perca decorata, finished without colour, Madeira, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Endeavour specimen is still preserved in the British Museum (Natural History). It was listed by Giinther (1 859) as Serranus cabrilla, specimen i. 'Adult: not good state. Madeira. Old Collection as Perca decorata\ Boulenger (1 895) listed it with several other specimens which Giinther had originally called S. cabrilla as one of the 'Types' of Serranus atricauda, but it is doubtful whether it should be regarded as a type because Giinther (1 874) had merely described the species from a specimen from Morocco and commented that it was 'identical with others in the British Museum from the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands'. The Endeavour fish was one of the Madeiran specimens. Other than being listed in synonymy by Giinther (1 874) the Solander name Perca decorata has not been employed by later naturalists. 175.(2:84) Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) Serranidae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; r. [ink] 'Buchan/ [pencil] Light red' [beside mouth] / [numerals beside fins indicating numbers of rays] ; v. [pencil] 'N? 9. Perca nebulosa/[ink] Brasil'. 268 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f.59~6iv as Perca nebulosa, habitat in Oceano prope Fluvium Januarii Brasiliae [Rio de Janeiro] ; (D. & W. 42)C.S.D. f.253 (270), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 157, not listed by name but presumed to be one of three Perca drawings by Buchan from Brazil. Notes: the Solander name Perca nebulosa seems never to have been used by later naturalists. 176.(2:85) Micropogon \ undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) Sciaenidae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; r. [pencil] 'Perca undulata L. ?/ 104 THE £JVD£>lVOl/i? ANIMAL DRAWINGS [ink] A. Buchan'; v. [pencil] 'N? 12. Perca/[ink] Brasil'. 268 X 369. Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue f. 157 presumed to be one of three Perca drawings by Buchan from Brazil. Notes: as with several other fishes caught and drawnat Brazil there seems to be no description by Solander of this specimen which served as a basis for Buchan's drawing. 1 7 7 .(2:86) Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) Carangidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Gasterosteus — Ductor/Sydney Parkin- son pinx' 1768'; v. [none]. 224X292. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f.88 and (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.88, both as Gasterosteus Ductor with reference to Linnaeus and meristic data but no habitat given or description. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 6 1 as G. Ductor L., finished with colour, Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the pilot fish was well known to sailors and was described by Linnaeus from the accounts and specimens of other travellers. Presumably Solander did not consider it necessary to describe this species in detail. 178 .(2:87) Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832) Scombridae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Scomber lanceolatus/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1 769/ [pencil] Tatea/[ink] Mem. one Pinulae spuriae is wanting above & one below'; v. [pencil] 'off Thrum Cap. Island'. 297 X 462. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 107-1 iov as Scomber lanceolatus, 'habitat in Oceano australi seu Mari Pacifico, prope Insulas ("Thrum Cap"), Apr. 4, 1769 . . .', length 4 feet; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.267 (284), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 163 as finished in colour, Scomber lanceolatus Mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's manuscript was the sole source of Cuvier's information for his description and name Cybium Solandri. He made no reference to this drawing which is undoubtedly of the specimen Solander described. No locality was given by Cuvier (1832), and Gunther (i860) likewise questioned the geographical origin of the specimen. This uncertainty has continued till the present day because Collette & Nauen (1983) comment that the locality was unknown. Thrum Cap Island lies immediately south of the island of Hau in the Tuamotu archipelago, and this is the type locality for this species. 179.(2:88) Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [ink] Etoore/Owhey'; v. [pencil] 'N°4i. Scomber albula/ [ink] Otahite'. 265 X 372. Manuscript: Solander -(D. &W. 40c)P.A.O.P. f. 10 (124) as Scomber albula, a total of four specimens preserved, one numbered A. 26 'magna', three of medium THE CATALOGUE IO5 size numbered A. 73 , from George Land (= Tahiti). Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 6 1 - 2, not entered as Scomber albula, presumably one of the three Scomber drawings from the Society Islands, by S. Parkinson, Notes: Solander's name Scomber albula seems never to have been employed by later naturalists. 1 80.(2:89) Caranx lutescens (Richardson, 1 843) Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the belly an opaline colour — / 1 2. Scomber micans/ [ink] Opoorage'. 292 X 473. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.33 (35) as Scomber micans, habitat off Motuaro. Dryander - Catalogue f. 163, one of two drawings of Scomber sketch with colours, New Zealand, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Scomber micans was published by Richardson (1843c) and his description was quoted extensively in a discussion of carangid fishes known from New Zealand. Parkinson's drawing was also referred to. Both the description and figure were referred to elsewhere by Richardson (1843^) m tne synonymy of Caranx georgianus, as they were by Richardson (1848) under the same name but with discussion. Scomber lutescens was based by Richardson (1843) on Solander's manuscript description of a specimen caught in New Zealand waters on 30 March 1770 in Queen Charlotte Sound, but not illustrated (see D. & W. 40a, P. A. f.51 (53)). 1 8 1 .(2:90) Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) Pomatomidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Scomber- salmoneus. /Sydney Parkin- son — pinx c 1 769. /[pencil] gasterosteus saltatrix Linn'; v. [pencil — two lines of indecipherable notes/and name] /[ink] 'Brasil'. 298 X 465. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 1 25-1 25V as Scomber saltatrix [specific epithet substituted for salmoneus] , habitat in Oceano Brasiliensis; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.277 (145), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 161 as Scomber salmoneus mss, finished in colour Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: Pomatomus saltatrix was described by Linnaeus in 1766 (as Gasterosteus) on the basis of Catesby's earlier description and a specimen in the Garden collection (Wheeler, 1985). Possibly Solander failed to recognize the Linnaean species because of its obvious affinity to the genus Scomber, not Gasterosteus, and therefore proposed the specific epithet salmoneus. However, he later recognized it as identical with Linnaeus's species and amended his manuscript, and the name on the drawing was altered also. 182.(2:91) Rexea solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1832) Gempylidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [in pencil on mount] Gempylus solandri Cuv. & Val. y ; v. [pencil] '15 Scomber macrophthalmus/ [ink] Aehie no Mauwe'. 296 X 469. 106 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.44 (46) as Scomber macrophthalmus, habitat Oceano australium, 9 December 1769; f.72 listed in index. Dryander — Catalogue f. 163, presumed to be one of the two Scomber sketches with colours, drawn in New Zealand by S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Scomber macrophthalmus was quoted by Cuvier (1832) when he described Gempylus solandri. This species was based solely on Solander's manuscript account and Cuvier made no reference to the Parkinson drawing. Possibly it had not been copied for him. He also claimed that the fish came from 'la mer de la Nouvelle-Holland', presumably confused by the title of Solander's manuscript 'Pisces Australiae'. On 9 December 1769 the Endeavour had just left the Bay of Islands en route for the South Island of New Zealand. Reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as his Plate 21 and alleged to be the basis for the species Gempylus solandri although as noted above Cuvier made no reference to the drawing. 1 83. (2:92) Gempylus serpens Cuvier, 1829 Gempylidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Scomber-serpens/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sept 1 ! 23. 1768/of Canary Islands'. 299 X 469. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 1 1 1-1 14^ as Scomber serpens, 'habitat in Oceano Atlantico prope Insulas canariensis (Septl 22. 1768 captus.)', length 37 inches; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.269 (137), same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 6 1 as Scomber serpens Mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Cuvier (1832) referred to Solander's description of Scomber serpens and quoted from it in part, but he also had a dry specimen from the Caribbean ('Antilles') to refer to. The first record and figure of this rare oceanic fish was made by Hans Sloane on his voyage to Jamaica (Sloane, 1 707) and this was also referred to by Cuvier. 1 84.(2:93) Caranx melampygus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 833 Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Eiirua/Eppouea/ [ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] 'all spotted but the belly, fins & tail a dirty grey, about the bottom of the tail a list of dark blue/N? 3. Scomber stellaris/[ink] Otahite'. 295 X 467. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 104 (224), possibly as Scomber stellatus, length 1 8 inches (but see number 1 86 this catalogue). Dryander — Catalogue ff. 161 — 163, presumed to be one of the four Scomber drawings made by Parkinson in the Society Islands but not identified to species in the catalogue of drawings. Notes: Solander's name, Scomber stellaris (as given on the drawing) or S. stellatus (as in his manuscript) does not seem to have been adopted by later workers. Cuvier (1833) in proposing the name Caranx melampygus made no reference to either Parkinson's drawing or Solander's description. THE CATALOGUE IO7 1 85.(2:94) Carangoides crysos (Mitchill, 1 8 1 5) Carangidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Scomber falcatus. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1768'; v. [ink] 'Nov r . S th . 1768/Coast of Brasil'. 299 X 460. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 1 15-1 i8v as Scomber falcatus, 'habitat in Oceano Brasiliam alluente', length 16 inches; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.271 (139), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 6 1 , as Scomber falcatus mss Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Scomber falcatus has not been adopted by later workers. 1 86.(2:95) Caranx melampygus Cuvier in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1 833 Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson [pencil] Owrooa'; v. 'Mem. the back & part of the sides are spotted w* blue, the blue should be Ultramarine/the belly opaline. /N? 64 Scomber stellatus/ [ink] Otahite'. 267 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 104 (224) as Scomber stellatus, see number 1 84 in this catalogue. Notes: see above number 1 84. It is not possible to know whether the two drawings labelled Scomber stellaris and S. stellatus, were both intended to refer to the single description of S. stellatus, or whether S. stellaris was omitted from the manuscript in error. 1 87.(2:96) Katsuwonus pela mis (Linnaeus, 1758) Scombridae Drawing: unfinished, pencil and ink; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 1 Scomber Pelamys'. 291 X 462. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, ff.95-100, as Scomber Pelamis; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.263 (280), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 161 as sketch without colours, Scomber pelamis L., Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this well-known tuna was described in great detail by Solander who recognized it as the Linnaean species. The specimen on dissection contained two internal parasites which Solander described in manuscript as Fasciolis Pelamini and Sipunculus Piscium. 188.(2:97) Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1 801) Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Scomber saurus mss.'; v. [pencil] 'Mem. the Belly is like Silver the rest of the fins are grey./ N? 8 Scomber/ [ink] Brasil'. 269 X 373. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 120 as Scomber saurus. Dryander - Catalogue f. 161 as sketch with colours, Scomber saurus Brouss. Brasil, S. Parkinson. 108 THE £JVD£-4VO[/jR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: the Solander manuscript entry in the Slip Catalogue (see above) was written after the Endeavour voyage and evidently described a specimen sent to Banks by Roger Shakespear around 1779 (Dawson, 1958), but the specific epithet derives from Patrick Browne's (1756) The civil and natural history of Jamaica in which he refers to this species as Saurus number 1 . This explains the coincidence of Bloch (in Bloch & Schnieider , 1 80 1 ) adopting the same specific epithet. To the Solander slip a pencil addition has been made, probably by Broussonet, referring to the Parkinson drawing as 'Scomber N° 8 BrasiP. This presumably was the occasion when the drawing was annotated as noted above, and this was the reason Dryander attributed the name to Broussonet. 1 89.(2:98) Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775) Carangidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Scomb. Glaucus L/Erai/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the belly silvery/N? 14. Scomber laevis/[ink] Otahite'. 265X374. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 40c)P.A.O.P. f. 16 (134) as Scomber laevis, length 165 inches. Dryander — Catalogue f. 161— 3, not identified by name, presumed to be one of three Parkinson drawings from the Society Islands listed as Scomber. Notes: Solander's name Scomber laevis does not appear to have been used by later naturalists. The annotation Scomb. Glaucus L. on the recto of the drawing was probably written by Broussonet under the misapprehension that this fish was identical with Linnaeus's species of that name now regarded as a junior synonym of Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758), see Wheeler (1963) for discussion. i()0.(2:C)())Seriolazonata (Mitchill, 1815) Carangidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Scomber — amia. /Sydney Parkinson pinx' 1768'; v. [ink] 'Nov 1 ! 8. 1768/Coast of BrasiP. 290 X 462. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Pisces 2, f. 121-1241; as Scomber amia L., Habitat in Oceano Brasiliano, total length 39 inches; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.275 (143), same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 161 as Scomber amia L. Brasil, S. Parkinson, finished in colours. Notes: Solander identified this fish with Linnaeus's Scomber amia, now known as Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758). 1 9 1 .(2: foo) Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Scombridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Eahe/aahei/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The belly lead colour with an opal cast streakt & spotted w l silver the under part of the head silvery the P.P. lead colour/the P.D. & P. A. bright yellow the Iris silver the pupil black/76. Scomber Thynnus/ [ink] August. 14 1769/off the Island of Oheteroa'. 292 X 471. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 135 (255) as Scomber Thynnus [deleted by red and black vertical lines] , habitat in oceano non procus ab THE CATALOGUE IO9 insula Ohitirhoa (August 13, 1769). Dryander - Catalogue f. 161, as sketch with colours, Scomber Thynnus L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander identified this tuna with the Linnaean species Scomber thynnus, which was the only large species known at the time (Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) being the comparatively small skipjack tuna). This specimen was captured soon after leaving the Society Islands on 9 August 1769. 192.(2:101) Sarda sarda (Bloch , 1793) Scombridae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; r. [ink] 'Buchan [pencil] 22.16'; v. [ink] 'Brasil'. 265 X 370. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45)S.C. Pisces 2, f. 1 00 as Scomber Pelamis 'varietas capta in Ostrio Fluvii Januarii (Rio de Janeiro) . . .'; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.263 (280), same data (see notes). Dryander - Catalogue f. 1 6 1 zsScomber, finished in colour Brasil, Buchan. Notes: the identification of this specimen in the Dryander Catalogue is certain as there is only one Buchan drawing of Scomber. Solander's notes imply that he examined two specimens which he identified as Scomber pelamis Linnaeus, 1758. In the Slip Catalogue there is a long and detailed description of a tunny occupying ff- 95— 99^ with, on f. 100, a note (as quoted above) referring to a variety of the species. This appears to have been written on a separate occasion to the main entry and probably refers to the fish Buchan drew, Solander apparently having considered it to be a variety of Scomber pelamis — it was not recognized as distinct and formally named for several years after the Endeavour voyage. 193.(2: 1 01a) Upeneus vittatus (Forsskzl, 1775) Mullidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Eraou a/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'there is some of this 3 times as Iarge/Ehuwla/N° 19 Mugil [changed to] Mullus vitatus/ [ink] Otahite'. 239 X 296. Manuscript: Solander- (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.3 (115) as Mullus vittatus Fig. Pict. specimen numbered A9 from George Land, and f.3 8 (156) two specimens numbered A75 and A159 in Caggs number 3 and 6 respectively. Dryander — Catalogue f. 173, as sketch with colours, Mugil Society Island, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's index to P.A.O.P. (f.285) shows that he had preserved a total of six specimens of his Mullus vittatus, but the main text shows that the first described (at f.3 (115)) was the one drawn. There are no specimens listed by Gunther (1859) which could be Endeavour fishes, but there is a specimen in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, from Broussonet's collection (A3461; S.L. 105, T.L. 137 mm) which is probably an Endeavour specimen (Bauchot, 1969). George Land was the name briefly in use on the expedition for Tahiti, although later usage was Otaheite. 110 THE ENDEAVOR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 194.(1?: 102b) Prionotus sp. Triglidae Drawing: pencil sketch; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the body of a Greenish fusca spotted w £ redish brown the head has more of the yellow or orange init the Belly/a shell colour the P.P. nutmeg colour clouded near the upper side w f black the under side edg'd w* blue the P. V./has a tinge of red the P.D. grey spotted with reddish brown - the tail at the base the same colour as the belly/but the most part red spotted w f dark brown — the Iris of the eye yellow pupil black. — N° 17. Trigla/[ink] BrasiP. 235 X 294. Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue f. 165 as Trig/a , sketch without colours, Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: this appears to be another of the Brazilian fishes which were not described although they were drawn. 1 95 . (2 : 1 03 ) Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758) Dactylopteridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The blue on the P.P. should be ultramarine/N? 6. Trigla volitans/ [ink] Brasil'. 295 X 480. Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue f. 165 as sketch with colours, Trigla volitans L. Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: possibly because this fish was identified with the Linnaean species Trigla volitans it was not described. A number of other Brazilian fishes, although drawn, are not to be found in any manuscript, and for some reason were not described or the Brazilian animal manuscript has been lost. 1 96.(2: 104) Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson & Garnot, 1826) Triglidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson' [pencil, notes on coloration written on the drawing]; v. [pencil] '5. Trigla papilionacea/[ink] Opoorage'. 297 X 465. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40a) P. A. f.20 (22) as Trigla papilionacea, habitat Tolaga, Opoorage, two unmarked specimens preserved; f.73 index to the specimens lists three preserved specimens. Dryander — Catalogue f. 165 as sketch with colours, Trigla New Zealand, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Trigla papilionacea was published by Cuvier (1829), although in the synonymy of T. kumu. Cuvier referred to this Parkinson drawing in Banks's library. This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 35. Both Parkinson's drawing and Solander's manuscript were referred to by Richardson (1 843*2 & b) under the name Trigla papilionacea. K)^j.{2:iOS)Bagremarinus{M\X.c\\\\\, 18 15) Ariidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Silurus - Bagra-/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [pencil] 'The fins Gray/7 Silurus Bagre/[ink] Brasil'. 294 X 467. THE CATALOGUE III Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue f. 167 as finished in colours, Silurus bagre L. Brasil, S. Parkinson. Notes: this appears to be another example of a Brazilian fish which, although drawn by one of the artists, was not described by Solander. 198.(2:1 06) Sphyraena helleri Jenkins, 1 90 1 Sphyraenidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 2 Esox sphyraenoides/[ink] Otahite'. 299 X 479. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.6o (180) as Esox Sphyrenoides, f.290 index, specimen not preserved. Dryander - Catalogue f. 17 1 , one of two drawings of Esox , sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Esox sphyraenoides does not seem to have been taken up by later naturalists, although Cuvier (1 829) cites a drawing in Banks's library made at Tahiti and labelled Esox sphyraenoides which he attributed to G. A. Forster. However, there are no drawings of Sphyraena in the Forster collection, nor is there a drawing labelled Esox sphyraenoides (Wheeler, 198 1), so it must be assumed that Cuvier mistook this Parkinson drawing for one by Forster. This would be understandable as he worked only from copies of the drawings. However, the confusion was unfortunate in that he named the species Sphyraena forsteri under the false impression that it was a Forster specimen. 199.(2: 107) Platybelone argala (Le Sueur, 1 82 1) Belonidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ihre Eawaou/Ichea Eawaou/Es. belone L./[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N° 65 Esox rostratus/ [ink] Otahite'. 268X374. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.26 (144), as Esox rostratus, three specimens preserved numbered A. 60. Dryander — Catalogue f. 171, one of two drawings of Esox sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Esox rostratus seems not to have been adopted by later authors, although the specific epithet has been independently employed for other species of garfish. The identification of this drawing with the Linnaean Esox belone, the only garfish to have been named at the time of the Endeavour voyage was probably by Broussonet. 200.(2: 108) Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1 846) Exocoetidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Etepa/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The roundness of the back to be taken of to where it is mark'd/the blue to be ultramarine/N° 44 Exocoetus brachyopterus/ [ink] Otahite'. 268 X 37 1 . Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.13 (129) as Exocoetus brachyopterus, George Land ten specimens numbered A. 3 5 . Dryander - Catalogue f. 173, sketch with colours Exocoetus Society Islands, S. Parkinson. 112 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: the Solander name Exocoetus brachypterus was published by Richardson (1846) within his discussion of Exocoetus monocirrhus. He referred to both the Parkinson drawing and the Solander manuscript. Both manuscript and drawing were also referred to by Giinther (1866), who also gave a measurement of the drawing. This drawing therefore has type status. The manuscript and the drawing were also cited by Valenciennes (1847) m ms description of Exocoetus Solandri and form the bases for the foundation of that species name. However, Valenciennes wrongly attributed the drawing to Forster (an error he made elsewhere); the Forster drawings include only one flyingfish and that drawn off the European coast (Wheeler, 198 1). This drawing was reproduced by Whitehead (1968) as Plate 9. 201 .(2 : 109) Cypselurus (Poecilocypselurus) poecilopterus (Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847) Exocoetidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'E. volitans/Mararaa/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'lower part of the head & eye & fore part of the belly silver the Pinnae transparent/the spots on the P.P. black. /N°. 4 Exocoetus alatus/[ink] Otahite'. 289 X 475. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.33 (151) as Exocoetus alatus, two specimens numbered A. 67. Dryander — Catalogue f. 173, sketch with colours Exocoetus volitans Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's description, but not the drawing for certain, was cited by Valenciennes (1847) although he had a specimen collected on the Astrolabe expedition for his main description of Exocoetus poecilopterus . 202 .(2:110) Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus, 1758 Exocoetidae Drawing: five pencil studies of flying fishes and fins; r. [pencil] 'E. evolans L/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Mem the back is of a blackish blue mix 1 with brown which turns paler/toward the side & goes gradually into a silver colour the fins all transparent/the pupil of the eye very dark blue the iride dark brown the top of the/back part of the head is very brown, the tail gray underneath upon where therein/lines is mark'd with fine strip of blue/N°2. Exocoetus volitans'. 295X475. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) Pisces 2, f. 2 13-21 5V, as Exocoetus volitans L., Habitat in Oceano Atlantico; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D., same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 173, sketch without colours, Exocoetus volitans L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. NOTES: this drawing was referred to by Richardson (1846) as Exocoetus volans Solander, and he also cited the Solander manuscripts. Richardson's only other material was a Chinese fish collected by Sir Edward Belcher, and as he gave 'Seas of China and Polynesia' as the habitat of the species it seems that he wrongly assumed that this Endeavour specimen came from Polynesia. It seems from Solander's notes, however, that it was an Atlantic specimen which was described and drawn. THE CATALOGUE I 13 203 .(2:111) Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1 804) Polynemidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Poly- nemusquadrenarius/[ink] Endeavours river'. 268 X 372. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40b) P.N.H. f.15 (97) as Polynemus quadernarius, habitat near Endeavour River Careening place 30 July 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f. 173, no Parkinson drawing entered, two of the three Forster drawings listed are probably misattributed. Notes: Solander's name Polynemus quadernarius seems not to have been adopted by later writers. 204.(2: 1 1 2) Coris gaimardi (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 824) Labridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencilled coloration notes on figure] , [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'the strips on the head verditer & Gamboge the body is a purple black spotted especially toward the tail with/Ultramarine & towards the head w l small spots of Green - the border, stripes & spots on the tail blue/the body turns more purple towards the head/ [pencil] 7 1 / [ink] Ulhietea/ [pencil, on mount of drawing] Julis gaimardi Frey Voy Uranie t54 fi'. 271 X 374. Manuscript: Solander - not traced, was not named and probably never described. Dryander — Catalogue not traced. Notes: there is no evidence that this fish was named, and therefore it is impossible to relate it to either Dryander's catalogue or Solander's manuscript. The specimen was collected at Raiatea (i6°5o' S., i5i°24' W.). 205.(2: 1 13) Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 824) Synodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour, pencil detail of jaw dentition; r. [pencil] 'Arai [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The edges of the scales border'd w l brownish purple very dark where the spot is & on the back towards the tail./N? 22 Dentex nebulosus/ [ink] Otahite'. 267 X 369. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.6 (118) as Dentex nebulosus, serial number A. 14 but not so labelled in Cagg 3; (f. 285) index shows that two specimens were preserved. Dryander — Catalogue f. 169 as Dentex , sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Dentex nebulosus was published by Valenciennes (1 849) as Saurida nebulosa. Although Valenciennes had specimens from the He de France (Mauritius) he also referred to the Parkinson drawing which he had seen. Solander's genus Dentex was an independent proposal to Dentex of Cuvier ( 1 8 1 5) in the family Sparidae. 206.(2: 1 14) Synodus variegatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 824) Synodontidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Arai/ [ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'N?47. Dentex marmoreus/ [ink] Otahite'. 267 X 371. ii4 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Fig. 1 3 Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1 824). Drawing by Parkinson of one of two specimens caught in Tahiti. (Catalogue number 205.) Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.83 (203) as Dentex marmoreus, one specimen not numbered, another numbered A. 135; (f.290) index lists two specimens. Dryander — Catalogue f. 169 as Dentex , sketch with colours, Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: Valenciennes (1 849) referred to a copy of this drawing and also had a copy of the manuscript description of Dentex marmoreus. It is interesting that at that date he correctly cited the history of the drawing as in the library of Banks, 'aujourd'hui deposee au British Museum', but that the copies had been made by permission of Robert Brown. 207 . {2 : 1 1 $a) Gomphosus varius Lacepede, 1 802 Labridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] Taootiroa/Paouduroa/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] *N° 7 Nasutus virescens/[ink] Otahite'. 239 X 340. THE CATALOGUE II5 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) f.49 (169) as Nasutus virescens, one specimen, numbered A. 95 in Cagg 4; (f.289), same data. Dryander - Catalogue f. 153 as Nasutus , sketch with colours, Fr. Isl. (= Friendly Islands), S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's appropriate genus name, Nasutus, for the bird-wrasses was never formally published and they were unnamed until Lacepede proposed Gomphosus in 1802. Two specimens still exist in the British Museum (Natural History) collections, S.L. 105 and 145 mm, and were listed by Giinther (1862) under Gomphosus varius with a note of an old label reading Labrus nasutus on it (the writing on this label is still readable). There seems to be no doubt that those specimens are Endeavour specimens and represent this fish and the succeeding one. Dryander's entry of Friendly Islands as the locality for this drawing is erroneous; these islands were not visited by the Endeavour. Valenciennes ( 1 840) in his discussion of Gomphosus fuscus refers to this drawing in Banks's library, noting that it was captioned nasutus. The drawing represents a terminal phase male. 208 .(2: 1 1 5^) Gomphosus varius Lacepede, 1 802 Labridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Epaou outouroa/ [ink] S. Parkin- son'; v. [pencil] 'narrow border of white upon the P.D. & y e P. A. the cheeks silvery/the back especialy towards the tail darker & the colour on the edges. /The scales their considerably broader, the strip on the tail a dilute red or white w l red cast/N°23 Nasutus purpureus/nasutus/ [ink] Otahite'. 203 X 283. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f.3 (115) as Nasutus purpurascens, serial number A. 1 1, George Land; f.48 (166) one specimen serial number A. 94; (f.285) index confirms that two specimens were preserved. Dryander - Catalogue f. 153 as Nasutus , sketch with colours, Fr. Isl., S. Parkinson. Notes: see notes in number 207 above. This drawing represents a female fish turning into a male. 209.(2: 1 1 6) Lutjanus fulvus (Bloch & Schneider, 1 801) Lutjanidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] Ettoou'; v. [pencil] '70 [ink] Ulhietea'. 270 X 371. Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue not traced. Notes: as this fish was not named it is impossible to trace it in either the manuscript or the catalogue of drawings. 2 10.(2: 1 1 7) Centropyge bispinosus (Giinther, 1 860) Pomacanthidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Hoomurea/Athodi tui tui/[ink] S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Otahite'. 235 X 298. Manuscript: Solander - not traced. Dryander - Catalogue not traced. Il6 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: as the fish in this drawing was not identified it is impossible to trace it in either the manuscript or the catalogue of drawings. It is perhaps worth noting here that the arrangement of the fish drawings followed Linnaeus's twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae, but that the six last drawings (the two unrecognized genera, Dentex and Nasutus, and the two unidentified fishes) could not be accommodated in the system and were merely grouped at the end of the volume. 21 1 .(3: 1 a) Leucophaea maderae (Fabricius, 178 1) Oxyhaloidae Drawing: water-colour, dorsal and ventral views of insect, and egg case by A. Buchan; r. [pencil] 'Blatta maderae'; v. [none]. 133 X 232. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45)S.C. Hemiptera f. 2 as Blatta domestica 'in Madeira culinis'. Dryander — Catalogue f. 1 9 1 as finished in colours, Blatta Madera Fabr. Madeira, A. Buchan. Notes: Fabricius (178 1) based his name on a specimen examined in 'Mus. Dom Banks' which, because of the locality and of the identification given to this drawing by Dryander must have been the specimen drawn by Buchan (or one collected at the same time). The drawing therefore has some standing as type material. It is of interest to note that the Dryander Catalogue lists two drawings by Buchan of Blatta germanica Linnaeus, 1767 with the locality of 'in nave'. Neither of these is now in the collection of Endeavour drawings. 2 1 2.(3: 1 h) Isoptera (family, genus and species indet) Order Isoptera Drawing: water-colour, dorsal view, by A. Buchan; r. [pencil] 'Termes fatale/ Winged white ant/Termes Fatale'; v. [ink] 'Rio Janeiro'. 233 X 257. Manuscript: Solander — no description found. Dryander — Catalogue f.203 as finished in colour Termes fatalis L. Brasil, A. Buchan. Notes: due to the difficulty in identifying termite specimens it is not possible to give this drawing any identification. Termes fatale was a name given by Linnaeus (1758), and was the only species in the genus recognized by Fabricius (1775). Fabricius quoted the Banks Collection in his description but in his opening paragraph referred to the insect as 'Habitat in Indiae . . .', clearly not referring to this drawing. Nevertheless the pencil annotations are believed to be in Fabricius's hand. 2 13.(3. 2a ) Sceliphron coementarium (Drury, 1770) Sphecidae Drawing: water-colour of a single mud-dauber wasp, lateral view by A. Buchan; r. [no annotations] ; v. [ink] 'Madera'. 182 X 265. Manuscript: Solander — no description found. Dryander - Catalogue f.205 as finished in colour, Sphex Madeira, A. Buchan. Notes: Drury's (1770) account of Sphex coementarium was based on specimens from 'Antigua, St. Christopher's, and Jamaica'. At the time of this drawing this THE CATALOGUE 117 I*T AM& p wmjl fcu-i. Ar«~i-> © Fig. 14 Laminalloptes phaetontis (Fabricius, 1775). Parkinson's drawing of a feather mite taken from a red-tailed tropic bird shot near Tahiti in March 1769. The drawing was used by Fabricius for his description. (Catalogue number 215.) mud-dauber wasp was unknown to science, the species was not recorded from Madeira until 1825 (M. Day, personal communication 1979). 2 1 4. (3:2^) Sceliphron coementarium (Drury, 1 770) Sphecidae Drawing: water-colour, two dorsal, one lateral and one oblique views by A. Buchan; r. [no annotations] ; v. [ink] 'Madera'. 183 X 264. Manuscript: Solander — no description found. Dryander — Catalogue f.205 as finished in colour, Sphex Madeira, A. Buchan. Notes: see no. 2 13 in this catalogue. 21 5 -(3 : 3) Laminalloptes phaetontis (Fabricius, 1775) .Proctophyllodidae Drawing: pencil; r. [pencil] 'Alloptes phaetontis (Fabr) 1775 Cf = [ink] Acarus I I 8 THE ENDEA VOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Phaetontis. [pencil] Fabr 1775/ [ink] S. Parkinson pinxt. 1769/ [pencil] see Fabricius System Ent p 815 1775'; v. [ink] 'March 21 1769/Lat 25.21' Long. 139 W.\ 288 X 234. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Diptera & Aptera f. 101 as Acarus phaetontis on Phaetontis in Oceano Australe; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.291, as above, 'Habitat copiose in Phaetonte erubescente'. Dryander — Catalogue f.213 as finished in colours, Acarus Phaetontis Mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Fabricius (1775) appears to have relied entirely on the Banks material for his description, writing 'Habitat in Phaetonte erubescente Oceani australis Fig. pict Mus Banks. y It is uncertain whether this should be read to imply that a specimen was available in the Banks collection, or whether it was the drawing (and Solander's manuscript description) which was available in Banks's museum, as well as the specimen, the latter being the more probable. In any case this drawing has type standing. The source of Fabricius's information, namely the Solander manuscript description and the Parkinson drawing, was unknown to Atyeo & Peterson (1967), who questioned the identity of the feather mite named by Fabricius and were doubtful concerning the identity of the host bird. Several of the annotations on the recto quoted above are twentieth-century additions, only the words 'Acarus Phaetontis' and Parkinson's signature are contemporary with the drawing. In fact, Solander's Phaeton erubescens is referable to Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchos Gmelin, 1789 (and his material provided the basis for Gmelin's name). Atyeo & Peterson (1967), following earlier workers, considered that the host was Phaeton lepturus fuhus; this appears to be incorrect. 2 1 6. (3:4^) Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli, 1772) Araneidae Drawing: finished water-colour, dorsal and ventral views by A. Buchan; r. [pencil] 'Argyope bruennichii (Scopoli) i772/=Aranea fasciata Fabr 1775/ Fabricius Syst Ent p. 43 3 1775'; a \ "vc/ % Fig. 17 Sapphirina sp. A detailed drawing by Parkinson of a copepod, the brilliant coloration of which was noted by Banks and Solander in Hawkesworth's (1773) account of the voyage. (Catalogue number 236.) patronage. Hawkesworth wrote under September 1768 'Another animal of a new genus they also discovered, which shone in the water with colours still more beautiful and vivid, and which indeed exceeded in variety and brightness any thing that we had ever seen: the colouring and splendour of these animals were equal to those of an Opal, and from their resemblance to that gem, the genus was called Carcinium Opalinum\ The drawing is not identifiable to species. 2 3 7 . (3 : 2 1 £) Sapphirina sp . Sapphirinidae Drawing: finished pencil and wash, left, Fig. 2 — ventral view of ovigerous female, centre, Fig. 3 —dorsal view natural size, right, Fig. 1 —dorsal view, both drawings 1 and 2 with appendages lettered; r. [ink] 'Carcinium macrourum/Sydney Parkinson pinx f ad vivum Sept r 7th 1768/Sept. 6. 1768.'; "U. [none]. 125 X 231. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Diptera & Aptera f. 194 as Carcinium macrouram, Atlantic Ocean near Spain; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f . 3 5 5 , as above, 'Habitat in mari Atlantico Galliciam alluente Sept. 4. 1768'. Dryander — Catalogue f. 22 1 as finished without colour, Carcinium macrourum mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Carcinium macrourum does not appear to have been taken up by later naturalists. 128 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 23 8.(3:2 1*:) A/o/m sp. Idoteidae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; above — dorsal view, below - ventral view; r. [ink] 'ONISCUS chelipes/Sept.2. 1768'; i>. [none]. 113X230. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Diptera & Aptera as Oniscus chelipes, in algae off France, Atlantic Ocean; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. as O. chelipes with references to Pallas and Baster. Dryander — Catalogue f.221 as finished in colour, Oniscus chelipes mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Oniscus chelipes was proposed by Pallas in 1 766 and Solander was clearly employing Pallas's name. 239.(3:22) Hepatoxy 'Ion trichiuri (Holten, 1802) Hepatoxylidae Drawing: finished pencil, three views; r. [ink] 'Fasciola tenacissima/Sydney Parkinson pinx' 1769'; i>. [none]. 235 X 291. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 14 as Fasciola tenacissima, in Squalus glaucus, southern ocean, 11 April 1769; (D. & W. 42) f.423 as above 'intra intestina Squalus glauci'. Dryander — Catalogue f.223 as finished without colour, Fasciola tenuissima mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this larval cestode worm was found in the intestine of the blue shark, Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758), which was caught near Osnabrugh Island, now Mururoa, south of the Tuamotu group. The fish was drawn by Parkinson, see numbers 53 and 54 in this catalogue. 240.(3:23) Glaucus atlanticus Forster, 1 800 Glaucidae Drawing: finished water-colour; left - enlarged with lettering, right- natural size; r. [ink] 'Mimus Volutator/Sydney Parkinson pinx f ad vivum 1768'; v. 'Oct r . 4. 1 768/Lat. 1 1 .00 N'. 240 x 220. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.23 as Mimus volutator, Atlantic Ocean 4 October 1768, southern ocean 13 March 1769, 11 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.413, same data and 'prope novam Hollandiam Lat 35°3o'S' (23 April 1770). Dryander- Catalogue f.225 as finished in colour, Mimus volutator mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this pelagic mollusc was described by J. R. Forster in a communication to J. F. Blumenbach (1 800). His specimen was collected in the Atlantic Ocean during the Resolution voyage. 241 .(3:24) Unidentified flatworm Class Turbellaria Drawing: finished pencil, left Fig. A - dorsal view, centre Fig. C - dorsal view natural size, right Fig. B - ventral view (both A and B are enlarged); r. [ink] 'Doris complanata/A, Animal supra/B, — subtus [A and B bracketed] microscopis auctum/C, — supra magnitudine naturali/ [captions to letters on figure] /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [ink] 'S. Sea Lat. 29.00. Long. I29:20:/Sept r 19. 1769'. 235 X293. THE CATALOGUE 129 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.26 as Doris complanata, southern ocean 19 September 1769 and 13 April 177O; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.409 Lat 29°io'S, Long i59°2o'W (Sept. 17. 1769) and Lat. 39°27'S Long. 204°io'W (Apr. 13, 1770). Dryander - Catalogue f.225 as finished in colour, Doris complanata Mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Doris complanata proposed by Solander seems never to have been employed by later naturalists. Doris was a Linnaean (1758) genus name in Mollusca. 242.(3:25) Opisthobranch mollusc Chromodorididae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [none] ; v. [pencil] 'The narrow outer edge white the next broad & rich orange then white & so blk & white alternately in the middle the/lower part of the animal the same except that it wants the narrow white edge [;] the feelers & tentacula/Vermillion - the bottom is a violet blk. /Doris/ [ink] Endeavours River'. 267 X 371. Manuscript: Solander — not recognized in any manuscript. Dryander — Catalogue f.225 as sketch without colours, Doris New Caledonia, S. Parkinson. NOTES: the identification of this opisthobranch is uncertain partly on account of the quality of the illustration; it may belong to the genus Chromodoris, and superficially resembles Chromodoris quadricolor, an Indo-Pacific species illustrated by Thompson (1976). 243 .(3:26) Unidentified actinarian order Actinaria Drawing: finished water-colour, left — upper side, centre - side view, right — under side; r. [ink] 'Actinia natans/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1770'; v. [ink] 'South Sea April y c i8 ft ! 1770'. 237 X 295. Manuscript: (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.44 as Actinia natans, southern ocean, 12 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.481, same data, Lat. 39°2o'S, Long. 204°8'W. Dryander — Catalogue f.227 as finished in colour, Actinaria natans mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this sea anemone is otherwise unidentifiable; the Solander name Actinaria natans seems not to have been taken up by later naturalists. 24.4.. ($-.2 j a) Tha/ia sp. Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil, with water-colour, left Fig. I - enlarged with parts lettered, right Fig. II - natural size; r. [ink] 'Dagysa gemma/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum. Sept r 3 rd 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sept r 2. 1768'. 130 X 240. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 50 as Dagysa gemma on five occasions between 2 September 1768 and 23 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 48 5, same data. Dryander- Catalogue f. 229 as finished in colour, Dagysa Gemma mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. 13O THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: the genus name Dagysa, which Banks and Solander used for all salps was published in Hawkesworth (1773) in his official account of the Endeavour voyage. Dagysa gemma, the Solander name, has not been taken up by later authors. 245.(3:27^)^^^ sp. Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour, three views, one (Fig. Ill) of a chain of aggregated zooids; r. [ink] 'Dagysa saccata/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum Sept r 6 th . 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sept r 5 1768'. 235 X 259. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f.53 as Dagysa saccata, Atlantic Ocean near Spain, 3 September 1768; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.489 as above, August and September 1768. Dryander — Catalogue f.227 as finished in colour, Dagysa saccata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this Solander name appears not to have been taken up by later naturalists. Fig. Ill shows a chain of aggregated zooids probably referable to Pegea confoederata (Forsskal, 1775); the two other drawings are of solitary zooids presumed to be individuals of the same species. 246.(3:28) Salpa }fusiformis Cuvier, 1804 Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; r. [ink] 'Dagysa volva/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'Oct 1 ! 3™! 1768/Lat. ii:iiN.'. 240 X 291. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f.55 as Dagysa volva, Atlantic Ocean, 3 October 1768; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. 491, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.227 as finished in colour, Dagysa Volva mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Dagysa volva seems not to have been taken up by other naturalists. This drawing was copied exactly for Richard Owen's collection of drawings (Owen Colin folio 77). The copy is exact down to the signature and date which caused Ingles & Sawyer (1979) to assume it was a Parkinson original. However, Owen can be exonerated from the suspicion of purloining drawings from the Banks Collection, as the paper on which his drawing is made is watermarked J. Whatman 1805. 247 .(3:29) Sulculeolaria sp. Diphyidae Drawing: unfinished pencil, upper enlarged view, lower probably natural size; r. [ink] 'Dagysa limpida/Sydney Parkinson pinx c , 1768';^. [ink] 'Oct r 4 th 1768/Lat. 09:ooN'. 239 X 294. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.57 as Dagysa limpida, Atlantic Ocean, 4 October 1768; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.493, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.229 as finished without colour, Dagysa limpida mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. THE CATALOGUE 131 Notes: this drawing shows very little detail but apparently represents the posterior nectophore of this siphonophore. The name Dagysa limpida appears never to have been used by later naturalists. 248.(3:30) Cyclosalpa pinnata (Forsskal, 1775) Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; four drawings; r. [ink] 'Dagysa lobata/Sydney Parkinson pinx! ad vivum Sept 7* 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sep 11 ! 6 th . 1768'. 240 X 294. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f.58 as Dagysa lobata, Atlantic Ocean, 4 September 1768; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.495, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f. 227 as finished in colour, Dagysa lobata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the four drawings represent a whorl of aggregated zooids (Fig. 4), two views of a separate aggregated zooid (with luminous organs picked out in colour and labelled 'g') (Figs. 1 & 2), and a natural size specimen (Fig. 3). The name Dagysa lobata has not been used by later naturalists. 249.(3:3 ia)Thaliasp. Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil; four views; r. [ink] 'Dagysa cornuta/ [pencil] Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum Sepf 2 nd 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sepr\ 2 nd . 1768'. 135 X 235. Manuscript: Solander -(D. &W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 60 as Dagysa cornuta, Atlantic Ocean, 2 September & 6 September 1768, 6 October 1769; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.497 same dates and 1 1 April and 23 April 1770. Dryander - Catalogue f.229 as finished without colour, Dagysa cornuta mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Dagysa cornuta does not seem to have been employed by later naturalists. 250.(3:3 lb) Chelophyes sp. Diphyidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; side view; r. [ink] 'Dagysa vitrea/ Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1768'; v. [ink] 'Ocr\ 7* 1768/ [indecipherable]'. 230X255. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f.62 as Dagysa vitrea, Atlantic Ocean 7 October 1768, southern ocean 3 February 1 7696c 13 April 1770, f.64, name only; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.499, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.227 as finished in colours, Dagysa vitrea mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Dagysa vitrea seems not to have been employed by later naturalists. This appears to be a finished drawing, lettered for captions, by its date made on the first occasion the animal was captured; later drawings are listed under 25 1 in this catalogue. 25 1 .(3:32) Chelophyes sp. Diphyidae Drawing: finished pencil, one with water-colour; r. [ink] 'Dagysa vitrea/Sydney 132 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Parkinson pinx 1 1769';^. [ink] 'March 3^ 1769. Lat 36.49'/Long. 111.30'W.'. 238 X295. Manuscript: Solander - see above, no. 250. Dryander - Catalogue f.227 as finished without colour, Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: these four drawings of the siphonophore were made in the southern Pacific, but the date does not coincide with any of the dates given by Solander (see above), unless 3 March 1769 was written in error for 3 February. 2 5 2 •(3 : 33)Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802 Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; r. [ink] 'Dagysa rostrata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum Sept r 8 th 1768/T.13 P.8 Sept. 6. 1768'; v. [ink] 'Sept 1 ! 6 th . 1768'. 234 X 292. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f. 66 as Dagysa rostrata, Atlantic Ocean 1768, southern ocean 2 October 1769; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.503, as above 'Mari Atlantico Hispaniam alluente prope fretum herculis . . ., in Oceano Australis, Lat37°io'S, Long i7i°5'W . . .'. Dryander -Catalogue f.227 as finished in colours, Dagysa rostrata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Dagysa rostrata appears not to have been used by later naturalists. This beautifully executed drawing is fully captioned by letters to relate to the description. The annotation T. 13 P. 8 shows it to have been drawn on the first leg of the voyage, when other Parkinson drawings were similarly labelled. The 'fretum herculis' of Solander's description refers to the pillars of Hercules, said to have stood at the western entrance to the Mediterranean. 253 .(3:34) Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1 802 Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; r. [ink] 'Dagysa strumosa. /Sydney Parkinson pinx* ad vivum Sept 1 " 8 th 1768'; v. [none] . 230 X 294. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 68 as Dagysa strumosa, Atlantic ocean near Straits of Gibraltar, off New Holland 23 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.505 as above, New Holland = 35°36'S. Dryander - Catalogue f.227 as finished in colour, Dagysa strumosa mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Dagysa strumosa appears not to have been employed by any later naturalist. It is surprising that Solander should have recognized two nominal species from specimens in the same area and only two days apart. 254..($:T > 5)Iasiszonaria Salpidae Drawing: finished pencil; three views; r. [ink] 'Dagysa serena/Sydney Parkinson pinx! 1769'; v. [pencil] 'Dagysa serena/South Sea Oct r 2 1769'. 238 X 280. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f.70 as Dagysa serena, southern ocean 2 October 1769, n January 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.507, same data, latitude and longitude given. Dryander — Catalogue f.229 as finished without colours, Dagysa serena mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. THE CATALOGUE 133 Notes: Solander's name Dagysa serena appears not to have been taken up by later naturalists. 2 5 5 .(3:360) Halistemma sp. Agalmidae Drawing: finished pencil; three views; r. [ink] 'Dagysa polyedra/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [pencil] 'Dagysa polyedra/ [indecipherable]'. 200 X 270. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.72 as Dagysa polyedra, southern ocean, 2 October 1769; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.511, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.229 as finished without colour, Dagysa polyedra mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Dagysa polyedra seems not to have been used by later naturalists. Two of the views on this drawing are captioned by letters and the three figures are discussed in Solander's manuscript (D. & W. 42). 256.(3:36^) Unidentified salp. Order Salpida Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'Dagysa costata'; v. [ink] 'Rio Janeiro'. 164 X 148. Manuscript: Solander - not found. Dryander - Catalogue f.229 as finished in colour, Dagysa costata mss Rio Janeiro, S. Parkinson. Notes: Dryander appears to have been mistaken in claiming this drawing to be finished in colour; there is no water-colour in it. This is the only drawing of Banks and Solander's 'Dagysas' not also to be described; several other Brazilian animals were drawn but not described, presumably because the naturalists were absorbed with their botanical studies at this landfall. 257. (3:37) Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physaliidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Holothuria Physalis/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum.'/i;. [none]. 371 X 269. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.80 as Holothuria physalis, Atlantic Ocean; f.83 surface between the Tropics, 7°S lat; f.84 Atlantic Ocean 22 & 23 December 1768; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.391 andf.393. Dryander - Catalogue f.229, one of two finished in colour, Holothuria physalis L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander recognized the siphonophore, known as the Portuguese Man-of- War, from Linnaeus's earlier description of Holothuria physalis which was based on a number of descriptions and figures given by earlier voyagers including Hans Sloane and Patrick Browne, both travellers to Jamaica, and his own former student Per Osbeck who visited the East Indies in 1750 to 1752. Solander and Banks studied Physalia closely and made the earliest observations on the nematocysts, and the manner in which these organisms steer by means of the sail-like membrane. This and subsequent drawings show the membrane in various sailing postures. 134 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Totton (i960) refers to Parkinson's drawings in discussing the history of knowledge of the morphology of Physalia, and quotes extensively from Banks's notes on the siphonophore. Moreover he claimed that a specimen in the British Museum (Natural History) register number 1925.8. 13.2, preserved in alcohol was a specimen from the Endeavour voyage. The label Holothuria physalis, was indicative of this, and the handwriting and label design corresponded well with contemporary labels on fishes known to have been captured during the voyage, which I was able to show him. Whether he was correct in claiming it to be the specimen captured on 7 October 1768 south of the Cape Verde Islands, and not one of the later captures, there is no means of knowing. This drawing was reproduced by Lysaght (1980) at Plate XlVb. 25%-($'3%)PhysaJiaphysalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physaliidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Holothuria Physalis. /Sydney Parkinson pinx! 1768./ [pencil] pepete tata'; v. [none]. 371 X 270. Manuscript: see above, number 257 in this catalogue. Notes: see number 257 above. 259.(3:39) Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physaliidae Drawing: unfinished water-colour; r. [none]; v. [ink] 'Dec 1 ! 23 1768/Lat. 37 South./ [pencil] N°4. Holothuria angustata'. 365 X 262. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.395 as Holothuria angustata, habitat in Oceano Atlantico America australis, Lat. aust. gr 37 (December 22, 23, 1768). Dryander — Catalogue f. 229 as finished in colours, Holothuria angustata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander apparently considered that the specimens of this siphonophore collected in the South Atlantic were different from Linnaeus's H olothuria physalis . His name H. angustata seems never to have been taken up by later naturalists. However, the notes in (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.84 refer to H. physalis being captured on 22 and 23 December 1768, and these must refer to the specimen drawn. Totton (1965) regarded the genus Physalia as monotypic. 260. (3:40) Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physaliidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketches of six colonies, plus details of tentacles; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Dec 1 : 23. 1768/Lat 37 South/ [pencil] N° 4 Holothuria angustata'. 374 X 264. Manuscript: see above, no. 259 in this catalogue. Dryander — Catalogue f.229 sketch with colours Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: see number 259 in this catalogue. 261.(3:4.1) Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Physaliidae Drawing: pencil with some water-colour of two colonies; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; THE CATALOGUE 135 v. [pencil] 'The bladder of this animal is quite transparent/ 1 1 Holothuria obtusata/ March 3 d 1769 Lat. 36. 49' L. 1 13. 3'.' 295 X 236. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 86 as Holothuria obtusa, Pacific Ocean, 3 February 1769, 1 1 January, 1 1 & 23 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.397 same data, except February 13, 1769 is given, and ... 'an junior H. Physalis Lin. et Mscr?' added. Dryander - Catalogue f.229 as sketch with colours, Holothuria obtusata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: this is the third of the nominal species of Physalia which Solander recognized; the name seems not to have been used by later workers. 262.(3:42) Ocyropsis sp. Ocyropsidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'Callirrhoe bivia/S. Parkinson pinx 1 1768'; v. [ink] 'Lat. [indecipherable]'. 142 X 236. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f.99 as Calliroe bivia surface of tropical Atlantic; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.401 same data, Latitude 7°N. Dryander - Catalogue f.23 1 as finished without colour, Callirhoe bivia mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the genus name Callirhoe was published by Peron & Lesueur (18 10) to include two species, Callirhoe micronema from the north-east coast of New Holland, and C. basteriana from the Dutch coast. They made no reference to Solander's manuscript name and must have derived the name independently. Their observations on the species from New Holland were presumably made during the voyage on the French corvettes Le Geographie and Le Naturaliste on the expedition led by Baudin. Although C.-A. Lesueur examined the Parkinson drawings and annotated some this was probably after the publication of his (and Peron's) work on medusa, when in 1 8 1 5 he visited London en route for North America (Goy, 1980). 263.(3:4.3) Athorybia rosacea (Forsskal, 1775) Athorybiidae Drawing: finished water-colour, two views plus detail of tentacles; r. [ink] 'Medusa rutilans/Sydney Parkinson pinx f ad vivum 1768. /[pencil] voisine lui Lisophisa rosacea. L.S. tableau du radiaire molasses Compoter'; v. [ink] 'Oct 1 ! 1768/between the tropicks'. 266 X 374. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 102 as Medusa rutilans, Atlantic Ocean between the Tropics; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.445, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as finished in colour, Medusa rutilans mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the annotation in French refers to Peron & Lesueur's (18 10) established family of 'Radiaires molasses compotes', but they did not refer to the name Medusa rutilans. It was written by Lesueur. This drawing was reproduced by Wheeler (1983) as Plate 186, and by Totton (1954) as Plates II and III. i36 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS .$&. V* tSf '?& Medusa^ WHO. Fig. 1 8 Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758). Parkinson's only drawing on vellum in the Endeavour zoological drawings, made between Madeira and the Canary Islands. (Catalogue number 264.) 264. (3:44) Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758) Velellidae Drawing: finished water-colour on vellum, two views enlarged, one view natural size, four studies of detail; r. [ink] 'MEDUSA azurea. [pencil] porpita LinneV Sydney Parkinson pinx* ad vivum 1768 Sept'; v. [none] . 198 X 256. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45)S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 104 as Medusa porpita, Atlantic between Madeira and the Canary Islands; southern ocean 13 April 1770; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.447 same data, the Pacific Ocean locality given as Lat. 39°27'S Long 204°io'W. Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished in colour, Medusa porpita L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Medusa azurea does not seem to have been used by later naturalists. However, the reidentification to Af . porpita Linne must have been made at a relatively early date for it to have been listed by Dryander under this name. This is the only zoological drawing from the Endeavour voyage to have been drawn on vellum. THE CATALOGUE 137 265.(3:45) Porpitaporpita (Linnaeus, 1758) Velellidae Drawing: finished pencil drawings, three views; r. [ink] 'Medusa porpita./ Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'Near the line in the Atlantic'. 240X293. Manuscript: Solander - see above, no. 264 in this catalogue. Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished without colour, Medusa Porpita L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: see above, no. 264 in this catalogue. 266.(3:46) Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1 848) Pelagiidae Drawing: finished pencil drawing; r. [ink] 'Medusa punctulata. /Sydney Parkin- son pinx t ad vivum 1 768. /[pencil] apartenantau genre Crysaore'j'y. [ink] 'Brasil'. 371 X 268. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 107 as Medusa punctulata, Rio de Janeiro; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.449, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as finished without colour, Medusa punctulata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name, Medusa punctulata, seems not to have been utilized by other naturalists. The annotation in French (like others in this group of animals) is presumed to be in the hand of C.A. Lesueur, who examined the collection of drawings, probably when he visited England in 1 8 1 5 on his way to North America (Goy, 1980). 267 .(3:47) Dactylometra sp. Pelagiidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Medusa plicata. Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [pencil note indecipherable] [pencil] 'No. 6 [indecipherable] Becalm'd off Terra del Foego/Lat. 54:23 Jan ry 12. 1769'. 240 X 297. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. no as Medusa plicata, between Tierra del Fuego and Staten Land; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.453, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as finished in colour, Medusa plicata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name, Medusa plicata, seems not to have been used by later naturalists. The unreadable pencil annotation appears to be a note by Lesueur. 268.(3:48) Aequorea sp. Aequoreidae Drawing: pencil and water-colour; four views of the animal; r. [ink] 'Medusa radiata/Sydney Parkinson pinx t ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'off the mouth of the Harbour of Rio de Janeiro'. 238 X 294. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 112 as Medusa radiata, off Rio de Janeiro, in Atlantic, 13 April 1770 (sic), and New Holland 23 April I770;(D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.455, same data. Dryander -Catalogue f.233, as finished in colours, Medusa radiata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. 138 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Notes: Solander's name, Medusa radiata, was not used by later naturalists, although the name was independently proposed by Tilesius (1 802) from specimens collected at the mouth of the Tagus, Portugal. He made no reference to the Parkinson drawing or Solander's manuscript. 269.(3:49) Aequorea sp. Aequoreidae Drawing: finished water-colour; two views; r. [ink] 'Medusa fimbriata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx' ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'off the mouth of the Harbour of Rio de Janeiro'. 268 X 370. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 113 as Medusa fimbriata, Rio de Janeiro harbour; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.459 same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as finished in colours, Medusa fimbriata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Medusa fimbriata has not been used by later naturalists. The name was independently proposed by Dalyell (1848) but there is no evidence that he had seen either Parkinson's drawing or Solander's manuscript in naming what is evidently a different taxon. Medusa fimbriata is also listed by Haeckel (1879) attributed to Patrick Browne (1756) but this is not acceptable as a binominal name on account of its date. 2 7°-(3 : 5°) Geryonia proboscidalis (Forsskal, 1775) Geryonidae Drawing: finished pencil; three views; r. [ink] 'Medusa chrystalina. /Sydney Parkinson pinx ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'off the mouth of the Harbour of Rio Janeiro'. 240 X 297. Manuscript: Solander (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 116 as Medusa crystallina, off Brasil; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.461, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished without colour, Medusa crystallina mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Medusa crystallina appears not to have been taken up by any later naturalist. 27 1 .(3:5 1 ) Unidentifiable species Order Hydroida Drawing: finished pencil; two views; r. [ink] 'Medusa limpidissima/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [pencil] 'N°7 Medusa limpidissima/Becalmd off terra del Fuego/Lat. 54:28 Jan. 12 1769'. 235 X 295. Manuscript: Solander (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 117 as Medusa limpidissima, Tierra del Fuego; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.463, same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished without colour, Medusa limpidissima mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Medusa limpidissima seems not to have been adopted by later naturalists. THE CATALOGUE 139 2 7 2 -(3 : 5 2 ) Phialidium sp. Campanulariidae Drawing: finished pencil; four views; r. [ink] 'Medusa obliquata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; f. [ink] 'off the Island of terra del Foego/Lat. 54:23. Jan. 12 1769'. 238 X 295. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 119 as Medusa obliquata, near Tierra del Fuego; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.465, habitat America Australis Terram Magellanicum, Lat. 54^3 'S; Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished without colour, Medusa obliquata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the Solander name Medusa obliquata seems not to have been used by later naturalists. 273.(3:53) Cyanea sp. Cyaneidae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'Medusa pellucens. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1768'; «y. 'Oct 1 ! 29. 17 68 /Coast of Brasil'. 374 X 268. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 120 as Medusa pellucens, off Brasil; (D. &W. 42) C.S.D. f.467, Habitat Pelago Oceani Atlantici . . . Brasilia. Dryander - Catalogue f.233 as finished without colours, Medusa pellucens mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Medusa pellucens was published by Macartney (18 10) from a communication from Joseph Banks. Sherborn's Index Animalium attributes it to Banks and Solander, but clearly the author of the name was Solander. It is one of the very few names to be published from Solander x s extensive work on pelagic Cnidaria. 274.(3:54) Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskal, 1775) Pelagiidae Drawing: finished water-colour; three views of whole animal, two detailed drawings; r. [ink] ^Medusa pelagica. Linn. /[pencil] Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1 768/ [pencil] voisin de la meduse Panopyre del'atlas du voiage aux terre australia/plan. XXI au doit de la place . . . Crysaone de Peron — a Lesueur'; v. [ink] 'Aug 8 .^. 1768'. 236 X 283. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 122 as Medusa pelagica, Atlantic Ocean on several dates, New Zealand 23 April 1770-; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.471, localities and dates of capture given. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as finished in colours, Medusa pelagica L. Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander identified the specimen illustrated with Medusa pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, and presumably the other specimens given this name by him were in fact referable to Pelagia noctiluca. The annotation in French is believed to have been made by C.A. Lesueur, and the reference to planche XXI is to the unpublished plates of Peron (1807) which are referred to by number in Peron & Lesueur (1 809). PI. XXI referred to Aequorea phosperiphora from the coast of Arnhemland. 140 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 275.(3:55) Unidentified Order Rhizostomeae Drawing: unfinished pencil, whole animal and detail; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'The whole animal a tawny brown (umber & egam) the spots white/the small tentaclae & the triangular ones white. /[pencil] Medusa circinnata/Botany Bay'. 368 X 268. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 124 as Medusa circinnata, Sting Rays bay, New Holland; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.469, same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.233 as sketch without colour, Medusa circinata mss N.C. (New Caledonia), S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Medusa circinnata does not seem to have been used by later naturalists. 276.(3:56) Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) Velellidae Drawing: finished water-colour - two views, water-colour and pencil - two views, pencil — one view; r. [ink] 'Phyllodoce velulla/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1768'; v. [none]. 238 X 293. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 126 as Phyllodoce velella, Atlantic Ocean 7 October 1768, southern ocean several dates; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.475, description and list of captures on six occasions with latitude and longitude given. Dryander — Catalogue f. 23 1 as Phyllodoce vellella mss, finished in colours Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander recognized these solitary floating hydroids (the By-the-wind- Sailor) as the Linnaean species Medusa velella but created the genus Phyllodoce to distinguish them from the other cnidarians encountered. It appears not to have been formally published. 17*]. ($: Si) Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) Velellidae Drawing: unfinished pencil sketches; four views; r. [ink] 'Phyllodoce velella'; v. [pencil] 'N.i. the middle inclosure wt the tentacula white w £ a pale cast of blue the tentacula at the edge/deep blue - the thin membrane fine blue very deep toward the edge & full of small dots. /N. 2 the sail quite hyaline the middle inclosures of a dirty blue mark'd w' a bright/blue the outer membrane very deep blue especially at the edge'. 235 X 288. Manuscript: Solander - see above, no. 276 in this catalogue. Dryander - Catalogue no entry for sketch without colours. NOTES: these appear to be preliminary sketches for the finished drawing listed above, see no. 276. 278.(3:58^) Beroe sp. Beroidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; r. [ink] 'Beroe marsupium'; Tnnnel . 1 lf> X 21 8. V. [none]. 126 X 238. THE CATALOGUE 141 Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 134 as Beroe marsupium, Atlantic Ocean; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.435 habitat in Oceano Atlanticis intra tropicus '. . . var. of B. bilabiata MSS. Dryander — Catalogue f.235 as finished in colours, Beroe marsupium mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Beroe marsupium seems not to have been employed by later naturalists. 2 79-(3 : 5^) Beroe sp. Beroidae Drawing: finished water-colours, eight views, one pencil detail; r. [ink] 'Beroe labiata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum'; v. [ink] 'in the harbour of Rio de Janeiro'. 238 X 265. Manuscript: Solander — no entries under B. labiata, entries under Beroe bilabiata at (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 135, Atlantic Ocean, and (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.43 1 , habitat Atlantiis intra tropicos Lat. N. Sinu Oceani Atlantici ad Janeiram Brasilia. Dryander — Catalogue f. 23 5 as finished in colours, Beroe labiata mss Rio Janeiro, S. Parkinson. Notes: the difference in name on the drawing (Beroe labiata) and in Solander's manuscripts (B. bilabiata) suggests either that Parkinson was responsible for a lapsus calami in labelling his drawing, or that Solander changed the name after the drawing was made. The former seems more probable. 280.(3:59) Beroe sp. Beroidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [ink] 'Beroe incrassata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; v. [ink] 'Becalmd off Terra del Foego/Lat. 54:23 Jan r . 12 1769/ [indecipherable pencil note]'. 296 X 235. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 137 as Beroe incrassata, Atlantic near Tierra del Fuego; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.437 same data, locality also given for Oceano Australi on October 2, 1 769. Dryander - Catalogue f.235 as finished in colour Beroe incrassata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Beroe incrassata does not appear to have been adopted by later authors. 2 8 1 . (3 : 60a) Beroe sp . Beroidae Drawing: finished water-colours, one natural size, one enlarged; r. [ink] 'Beroe corollata/Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 ad vivum 1768'; v. [pencil] 'Straw Colour/ [pencil - inked over] off the mouth of the/harbour Rio Janeiro'. 134 X 234. Manuscript: Solander -(D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1, f. 139 as Beroe corolata, Atlantic near Brasil; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.439 same data. Dryander - Catalogue f.235 as finished in colours, Beroe corollata mss Rio Janeiro, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Beroe corolata used by Solander was not taken up by later naturalists. 142 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS 282. (3:60^) Hormiphora sp. Pleurobrachiidae Drawing: finished pencil and water-colour; one natural size, two enlarged; r. [ink] 'Beroe coarctata. /Sydney Parkinson pinx 1 1769'; i\ [ink] 'South Sea Oct 1 ! 2. 1769'. 235X269. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45)S.C. Mollusca 1, f. i40asBeroecoarctata, southern ocean 2 and 6 October, 1769; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.433, localities given as Lat. 37°io'S, Long i7i°5'W-2 October 1769, and Lat. 39°i2'S, Long. 1 74°W — 6 October 1 769. Dryander — Catalogue f. 23 5 as finished in colour; Beroe coarctata mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Beroe coarctata appears not to have been employed by later naturalists. 283.(3:61) Callianira sp. Callianiridae Drawing: finished pencil; r. [ink] 'Beroe biloba/Sydney Parkinson pinx! 1770'; v. [ink] 'South Sea April y e 13 th . 1770'. 296 X 234. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 1 , f. 142 as Beroe biloba, southern ocean 13 April i770;(D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f.441 same data, locality Lat. 39°27'S, Long. 204°io'W. Dryander — Catalogue f.235 as finished without colour, Beroe biloba mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Beroe biloba appears not to have been taken up by later naturalists. 284.(3:62) Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1 8 1 6) Tropiometridae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Rio Janeiro/ [pencil] N°2 Asterias radiata'. 372 X 265. Manuscript: Solander — not found; Dryander - Catalogue f. 237 as sketch without colour, Asterias radiata mss Rio Janeiro, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander appears not to have described this featherstar, unless he did so for the Slip Catalogue and the sheets were lost early on. However, a number of Brazilian animals appear to have been illustrated but not described. The name Asterias radiata seems not to have been employed by later naturalists. 285.(3:63) Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1 8 1 6) Tropiometridae Drawing: unfinished pencil and water-colour; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [ink] 'Rio Janeiro'/ [pencil] No 2 Asterias radiata'. 372 X 264. Manuscript: see above, no. 2 84 in this catalogue. Dryander - Catalogue f.237 as sketch with colours, Asterias radiata mss Rio Janeiro, S. Parkinson. Notes: see above, no. 284 in this catalogue. THE CATALOGUE 143 286.(3:64) Culcita novaeguineae Miiller & Troschel, 1 842 Oreasteridae Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Asterias crassisoma/ [ink] Otahite'. 372 X 270. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 40c) P.A.O.P. f. 121 (241) as Asterias crasissima; Dryander - Catalogue f.237 as sketch without colour, Asterias crasissima mss Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: the name Asterias crasissima seems not to have been adopted by later naturalists. 287.(3:65) Culcita novaeguineae Miiller & Troschel, 1 842 Oreasteridae Drawing: unfinished water-colour with pencil outline; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson'; v. [pencil] 'Asterias crassisoma/ [ink] Otahite'. 369 X 271. Manuscript: Solander - see above, no. 286 in this catalogue. Dryander - Catalogue f.237 as sketch with colours, Asterias crasissima mss Society Islands, S. Parkinson. Notes: see above, no. 286 in this catalogue. 288.(3:66) Unidentified starfish Order Valvata Drawing: unfinished pencil; r. [ink] 'S. Parkinson/ [pencil] upper side convex/ under side a little concave. /the tentacula in the openings reddish orange./ Tootoorea'; v. [pencil] 'Asterias crassissima/ [ink] Otahite'. 375 X 270. Manuscript: Solander — see above, no. 286 in this catalogue. Dryander — Catalogue f.237 as sketch without colours, see above, no. 286. Notes: see above, n.286 in this catalogue. It is clear that there is an error in the labelling, probably of this drawing, as Solander's Asterias crassissimus refers to the sea urchin figured in drawing no. 286. 289.(3:67) Conchoderma auritum (Linnaeus, 1767) Lepadidae Drawing: finished water-colour, two views; r. [ink] 'Lepas Midas. /Sydney Parkinson ad vivum pinx 1 1768';^. [pencil] 'dark purple brown [ink] Nov 1 ! 1768/ on the bottom of our/ship between the tropicks'. 239 X 291. Manuscript: Solander - not found. Dryander - Catalogue f.241 as finished in colours, Lepas Midas mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: although Solander described other lepadomorph cirripedes, including Lepas vittata from off the bottom of the Endeavour in the Atlantic he apparently made no reference to Lepas midas. The name seems not to have been used by later workers. 290.(3:68*3) Conchoderma virgatum var. hunteri Darwin, 185 1 Lepadidae Drawing: finished pencil, two views; r. [ink] 'Lepas pelluscens. /Sydney 144 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Parkinson pinx* ad vivum 1768'; v. [ink] 'Octl 29. 1768'. 188 X 265. Manuscript: Solander - (D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 2, f. 86, as Lepas pelluscens surface off Brasil; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. f. 383 as above, habitat in Pelago Brasiliano, Medusa pellucenti adnatus. Dryander — Catalogue f.241 as finished without colour, Lepas pelluscens mss Ocean, S. Parkinson. Notes: Solander's name Lepas pelluscens seems not to have come into general use. The identification of this drawing should be regarded as tentative. 29 1 .(3:68^) Conchoderma virgatum (Spengler, 1 790) Lepadidae Drawing: finished water-colour by A. Buchan; r. [ink] 'Lepas vittata/ [pencil] A. Buchan Pinx' 1768'; v. [ink] 'Nov 1 ! 1768/ [pencil] Lepas vittata/ [ink] on the bottom of our ship'. 170 X 264. Manuscript: Solander-(D. & W. 45) S.C. Mollusca 2, f. 88 as Lepas vittata, on the Endeavour between the Canaries and Brasil; (D. & W. 42) C.S.D. , same data. Dryander — Catalogue f.241 as finished in colour, Lepas vittata mss Ocean, A. Buchan. Notes: Solander's name Lepas vittatus was not listed by Darwin (1851) but according to Sherborn {Index Animalium) was used; he attributed it to Solander (1786) in the Catalogue of the Portland collection. 292.(3:69) Lima lima (Linnaeus, 1758) Limidae Drawing: finished water-colour; r. [pencil] 'Ostrea Limanda/Sydney Parkinson pinx'advivum 1768'; lVO[/i? ANIMAL DRAWINGS Family Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus 80 Family Arripidae Arripis trutta 155, 156 Family Emmelichthyidae Centr acanthus cirrus 1 50 Family Lutjanidae Lutjanus fulvus 209 Lutjanus kasmira 1 64 Lutjanus semicinctus 1 5 1 Pterocaesio tile 1 60 Family Pomadasyidae Plectorhynchus picus 162, 167 Family Pentapodidae Mono taxis grandoculis 148 Family Sparidae Anisotremus surinamensis 158 Archosargus rhomboidalis 1 2 2 Diplodus caudimaculata 1 3 9 Diplodus sargus 1 20 Pagellus bogaraveo 137 Pagrosomus auratus 161 Family Sciaenidae Cynoscion sp. 168 Micropogon \undulatus 176 Family Mullidae Upeneichthys porosus 1 2 9 Upeneus vittatus 1 93 Family Kyphosidae Kyphosus incisor 1 1 5 Kyphosus sectatrix 1 1 4 Family Ephippidae Chaetodipterus faber 1 1 6 Drepane punctata 96 Family Chaetodontidae Chaetodon citrinellus 1 1 Chaetodon lunula 105 Chaetodon trifascialis 1 OO Chaetodon trifasciatus lunulatus 1 02 Chaetodon ulietensis 9 8 Chaetodon unimaculatus unimaculatus 1 04 Chaetodon vagabundus 1 1 1 Heniochus chrysostomus 1 1 2 Family Pomacanthidae Centropyge bispinosus 2 1 Centropygeflavisimus 106 SYSTEMATIC INDEX 163 Family Pomacentridae Abudefduf saxatilis 1 1 7 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 113 Chromis chromis 1 09 Family Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites arcatus 1 66 Paracirrhites forsteri 134 Family Aplodactylidae Aplodactylus arctidens 153 Family Cheilodactylidae Cheilodactylus {Goniistius) vestitus 99 Nemadactylus macropterus 123, 138 Family Latridae Latridopsis ciliaris 154 Family Sphyraenidae Sphyraena helleri 198 Family Polynemidae Eleutheronema tetradactylum 203 Family Labridae Anamses coeruleopunctatus 124 Cheilinus trilobatus 141, 142 Coris gaimardi 204 Gomphosus varius 207,208 Halichoeres radiatus 135 Halichoeres trimaculatus 1 45 Pseudolabrus celidotus 119 Pseudolabrus miles 118, 121 Stethojulis bandanensis 136 Thalassoma fuscum 144 Thalassoma hardwickei 133 Thalassoma lutescens 131 Thalassoma pavo 130 Thalassoma purpureum 1 43 Thalassoma quinquevittata 1 3 2 Xyrichthys novacula 8 1 Xyrichthys pentadactylus 8 2 Family Odacidae Coridodax pullus 127 Family Scaridae Calotomus carolinus 125 Euscarus cretense \l6 Scarus psittacus 128 Family Mugiloididae Parapercis colias 1 40 Family Blenniidae Istiblennius lineatus 77 164 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Family Gobiidae Valenciennea strigatus 8 3 Family Acanthuridae Acanthurus glaucopareius 1 1 Acanthurus lineatus 107 Naso lituratus 62 Naso unicornis 103 Zanclus cornutus 108 Zebrasoma scopas 97 Family Gempylidae Gempylus serpens 1 8 3 R exea solandri 1 8 2 Family Scombridae Acanthocybium solandri 178 Katsuwonus pelamis 187 Sardasarda 192 Thunnus albacares 191 Order Pleuronectiformes Family Bothidae Bothus mancus 95 Bothus podas maderensis 93 Family Soleidae Gymnachirus nudus 94 Order Tetraodonti formes Family Balistidae A/uterus scriptus 6 8 Balistoidesviridescens 65 Cantherhines dumerili 66 Melichthys vidua 64 Rhinecanthus aculeatus 63 Rhinecanthus rectangulus 6 1 Family Tetraodontidae Arothron meleagris 67 Arothron stellatus 7 1 Canth igaster solandri 7 O Lagocephalus spadiceus 69 Family Diodontidae Chilomycterus cf antillarum 72 Diodon hystrix 73, 229 Class Reptilia Order Testudines Family Cheloniidae Caretta caretta 45, 46, 47 Chelonia mydas 43 , 44 SYSTEMATIC INDEX 165 Class Aves Order Procellariiformes Family Diomedeidae Diomedia chrysostoma 27 Diomedia exulans 25 Phoebetria palpebrata 1 6 Family Procellariidae Macronectes giganteus 17,18 Pachyptila belcheri 1 5 Procellaria aequinoctialis 1 9 Pterodroma incerta 20 Pterodroma inexpectata 21,22 Pterodroma longirostris 1 6 Puffinus assimilis elegans 24 Family Hydrobatidae Fregetta grallaria 1 4 Oceanites oceanicus 1 2 Pelagodroma marina 1 3 Order Pelecaniformes Family Phaethontidae Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchos 31,32 Family Sulidae Sula serrator 30 Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax albiventer 29 Family Fregatidae Fregata magnificens 2 8 Order Anseriformes Family Anatidae Anas flavirostris 1 1 Order Falconi formes Family Falconidae Milvago chimango 7 Order Charadriiformes Family Laridae Gygis alba Candida 34 Larus maculipennis 33 Order Columbiformes Family Columbidae Gallicolumba erythroptera 3 6 Ptilinopus purpuratus 3 5 Order Psittaciformes Family Psittacidae C alyptorhynchus magnificus 1 Cyanoramphus zealandicus 8 Vini peruviana 9 l66 THE ENDEAVOUR ANIMAL DRAWINGS Order Passeriformes Family Musicapidae Oenanthe oenanthe 42 T urdus falcklandi magellanicus 3 8 Family Motacillidae Motacillaflava 41 Family Emberizidae Rhamphocelus bresilius 37 Sporophila caerulescens 39 Volatinajacarina 40 Class Mammalia Order Marsupicarnivora Family Dasyuridae Dasyurus hallucatus 1 Order Diprotodontia Family Macropodidae Macropus robustus 5 Macropus sp. 3, 4 Order Primates Family Lorisidae Nycticebus coucang I Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Muntiacus muntjak 6 i6 7 INDEX Index of Animal Names This index includes only names in the Catalogue of drawings. Names set in italic are validly published taxa; those in roman type are manuscript names quoted from the annotations to the drawings or from manuscripts. The numbers used in the index refer to the numbered catalogue entry. In only three instances are page numbers given and in these the numeral is preceded by p. Abudefduf saxatilis 1 1 7 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 113 Acanthias maculatus 56 Acanthocybium solandri 178 Acanthurus glaucopareius 110 Acanthurus lineatus 107 Acanthurus nigricans 1 10 Acanthurus olivacei 62 Acarus phaetontis 215 Actinaria natans 243 Actinia natans 243 Aequorea phosperiphora 274 Aequorea sp. 268, 269 Alcyonium anguillare 299 Alloptes phaetontis 2 1 5 Aluterus scriptus 68 Anamses coeruleopunctatus 1 24 Anas antarctica 1 1 Anas flavirostris ftavirostris 1 1 Anisotremus surinamensis 158 Anthias anthias 169, 170 Aplodactylus arctidens 153 Aplodactylus meandratus 153 Aptychotrema banksii 49 Aranea cruentata 2 1 7 Aranea fas data 2 1 6 Archosargus rhomboidalis \11 Argiope bruennichi 216 Arothron meleagris 67 Arothron stellatus 7 1 Arripis trutta 155, 156 Astacus caerulescens 225 Astacus crassicornis 227 Astacus vitreus 228 Asterias crasissima 286, 287, 2i Asterias radiata 284, 285 Athorybia rosacea 263 Bagre marinus 197 Balistes aculeatus 6 1 Batistes aculeatus 63 Balistes angulatus 6 1 Balistes chrysopterus 66 Balistes gigas 65 Balistes monoceros 68 Balistes ornatus 6^ Balistes rectangulus 6 1 Balistes vidua 64 Balistoides olivaceus 62 Balis toides viridescens 65 Bathytoshia brevicaudata 50 Beroe sp. 278, 279, 280, 281 Beroe bilabiata 278, 279 Beroe biloba 283 Beroe coarctata 282 Beroe corollata 2 8 1 Beroe incrassata 280 Beroe labiata 279 Beroe marsupium 278 Blatta domestica 2 1 1 Blatta germanica 2 1 1 Blatta maderae 211 Blennius lineatus 77 Blennius rubiginosus 78 Blennius venustus 78 Bo thus mancus 95 Bothus podas maderensis 93 Brosmius venustus 78 Caesio tricolor 1 60 Caligus coryphaenae 23 O Callianira sp. 283 Callirhoe basteriana 262 Callirhoe micronema 262 Calliroe bivia 262 Callyodon 128 Callyodon coregonoides 127 Callyodon pictus 125 Callyodon rubiginosus 126 Calotomus carolinus 125 Calyptorhynchus magnificus magnificus 10 Cancer amplectans 223 Cancer Astacus caerulescens 225 Cancer Astacus crassicornis 227 Cancer Astacus fulgens 226 Cancer caerulescens 225 Cancer crassicornis 227 Cancer cyanopthalmus 224 Cancer depurator 22 1 Cancer fulgens 226 Cancer gregarius 222 Cancer mutus 218 Cancer ocellatus 2 1 9 Cancer Pagurus amplectens 223 Cancer pelagicus 220 Cancer quadratus 281 Cancer Squilla 228 Cancer vitreus 228, 229 Cantherhines dumerili 66 Canthigaster solandri 70 Carangoides crysos 185 Caranx georgianus 180 Caranx lutescens 1 80 Caranx me iampygus 184, 186 C archarhinus sp. 55, 58, 59 Carcharodon carcharias 5 5 Carcinium macrouram 237 Carcinum opalinum 236 Caretta caretta 45, 46, 47 Centracanthus cirrus 1 50 Centropomus undecimalis 157 Centropristes mulloides 156 Centropristes salar 156 Centropristes sapidissimus 155 C entropy ge bispinosus 2 1 o C entropy geflavisimus 106 Cephalopholis urodelus \~jl Cephaloscy Ilium isabella 57 Cervus axis 6 Cervus plicatus 6 Chaetodipterus faber 1 1 6 Chaetodon 1 1 7 Chaetodon aulicus 1 1 1 Chaetodon bellissimus 102 Chaetodon bellus 102 Chaetodon Chrysostomus 1 1 2 Chaetodon citrinellus 1 1 Chaetodon coelestinus 1 13 Chaetodon cornutus 108 Chaetodon corruscus 105 Chaetodon cyprinaceus 1 1 4 Chaetodon cyprinoides 114 Chaetodon faber 1 1 6 Chaetodon falcula 98 Chaetodon fugitivus 104 Chaetodon gibbosus 99 Chaetodon Gigas 1 1 6 Chaetodon glaucopaerius 1 10 Chaetodon Harpurus 62 i68 Index of Animal Names Chaetodon incisor 115 Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) unimaculatus unimaculatus 104 Chaetodon lunula 105 Chaetodon luridus 1 09 Chaetodon luteolus 106 Chaetodon macrolepidotus 1 1 2 Chaetodon militaris 97 Chaetodon ocellatus 104 Chaetodon olivaceus 103 Chaetodon punctatus 96, 101 Chaetodon rostratus 108 Chaetodon saxatilis 113 Chaetodon speciosus 1 1 1 Chaetodon strigangulus 1 OO Chaetodon trifascialis 100 Chaetodon trifasciatus lunulatus 102 Chaetodon trifasciatus 102 Chaetodon ulietensis 98 Chaetodon umbra 1 10 Chaetodon unicornis 103 Chaetodon unicornis p. 56 Chaetodon unimaculatus 104 Chaetodon vagabundus 1 1 1 Chaetodon vittatus 1 02 Cheilinus trilobatus 141, 142 Cheilodactylus carponemus 123, 138 Cheilodactylus gibbosus 99 Cheilodactylus {Goniistius) vestitus 99 Chelidonichthys kumu 1 96 Chelonia depressa 43 Chelonia mydas 43 , 44 Chelophyes sp. ? 250, 251 Chilomycterus cf. antillarum ~J2 Chromis chromis 1 09 Chromodoris quadricolor 242 Chrysaora quinquecirrha 266 Cichla macroptera 1 3 8 Cirrhites arcatus 134, 166 Cirrhites forsteri 134 Cirrhites maculatus 134 Columba erythroptera 36 Columba pectoralis 36 Columba porphyraea 35 Conchoderma auritum 289 Conchoderma virgatum 291 Conchoderma virgatum var. hunteri 229, 290 Coregonoides vittatus 127 Coridodax pullus 127 Com gaimardi 204 Coryphaena hippurus 80 Coryphaena Novacula 8 1 Coryphaena virens 8 2 Cottus Otahitensis 84 Cottus otaitensis 84 Culcita novaeguineae 286, 287 Cyanea sp. 273 Cyanoramphus zealandicus 8 Cybium Solandri 178 Cyclosalpa pinnata 248 Cynoscion sp. 168 Cypselurus (Poecilocypselurus) poecilopterus 20 1 Cystosoma spinosum 234, 235 Dactylometra sp. 267 Dactylopterus volitans 195 Dagysa cornuta 249 Dagysa costata 256 Dagysa gemma 244 Dagysa limpida 247 Dagysa lobata 248 Dagysa polyedra 255 Dagysa rostrata 252 Dagysa saccata 245 Dagysa serena 254 Dagysa strumosa 253 Dagysa vitrea 250, 251 Dagysa volva 246 Dasyatis brevicaudata 50 Dasyurus sp. 2 Dasyurus hallucatus 2 Dasyurus viverinus 2 Dentex marmoreus 206 Dentex nebulosus 205 Diagramma pica 162, 167 Diodon aculeatus 72 Diodon erinaceus 72, 73, 229 Diodon hystrix 73, 229 Diodon truncatus 72 Diomedea chrysostoma 27 Diomedea exulans 25 Diomedia antarctica 26 Diomedia fuliginosa 26 Diomedia profusa 27 \Diplodus caudimaculata 139 Diplodus sargus 120 Doris complanata 241 Drepane punctata 96 Echeneis anguillaris 79 Echeneis neucrates 79 Echidna nebulosa 76 Eleutheronema tetradactylum 203 Epinephelus fasciatus 147, 165 Epinephelus itajara 175 Epinephelus merra 165 Epinephelus oxygenios 1 63 £jox belone 1 99 Esox rostratus 1 99 Esox sphyraenoides 198 Euscarus cretensis 1 26 Exocoetus alatus 201 Exocoetus brachyopterus 200 Exocoetus brachypterus 200 Exocoetus monocirrhus 200 Exocoetus poecilopterus 201 Exocoetus Solandri 200 Exocoetus volans 202 Exocoetus volitans 20 1 , 202 Fasciola tenacissima 239 Fasciola tenuissima 239 Fregata magnificens 2 8 Fregata tropica 1 4 Fregetta grallaria 14 Gallicolumba erythroptera 3 6 Gasterosteus Ductor 177 Gasterosteus saltatrix 181 Gempylus serpens 183 Gempylus solandri 182 Genyroge bengalensis 164 Geryonia proboscidalis 270 Glaucus atlanticus 240 Glyphisodon coelestinus 1 1 3 Glyphisodon luridus 109 Gobius strigatus 83 Gomphosus fuscus 207 Gomphosus varius 207, 208 C'jy,?'^ a ^ a Candida 34 Gymnachirus nudus 94 Gymnothorax nigromarginatus 7 5 Gymnothorax ocellatus 75 Halichoeres radiatus 135 Halichoeres trimaculatus 1 45 Halistemmasp. 255 Harpurus monoceros p. 56 H elicolenus papillosus 89 Helix janthina 296 Helix violacea 294, 295 Hemiscyllium ocellatum 60 Heniochus acuminatus 1 1 2 Heniochus chrysostomus 1 1 2 Hepatoxylon trichiuri 239 Hippolyte caerulescens 225 H olacanthus luteolus 106 Holocentrus ascensionis 1 49 Holocentrus macrophthalmus 152, 159 Holothuria angustata 259, 260 Holothuria obtusa 261 Holothuria obtusata 261 Holothuria physalis 257, 259 Holothuria Physalis 258 Hormiphora sp. 282 Hyperia medusarum 233 Awif zonaria 254 Idotea sp. 238 Istiblennius lineatus 7 7 Index of Animal Names 169 Janthina \globosa 296 J anthina janthina 294, 295 Julis cyanogaster 1 43 Julis erythrogaster 132 Julis gaimardi 204 Julis lutescens 1 3 1 Julis} notatus 119 Julis quadricolor 143 Julis] rubecula 118 Julis] rubiginosus 1 2 1 Julis trilobata 132, 143 Kanguru saliens 3 Katsuwonus pelamis 187, 191, 230 Kyphosus incisor 1 1 5 Kyphosus sectatrix 1 1 4 Labrus areatas 166 Labrus aulicus 136, 142, 144 Labrus auratus 1 6 1 Labrus calopthalmus 129 Labrus cruentatus 141, 142 Labrus cruentus 1 4 1 Labrus cyanogaster 1 43 Labrus delicatulus 83 Labrus elegantissimus 107 Labrus erythrogaster 1 43 Labrus erythrogaster 144 Labrus formosus 132 Labrus lorius 131 Labrus lunaris 130 Labrus lunarius 130 Labrus lutescens 1 3 1 Labrus macrocephalus 140 Labrus nasutus 207 Labrus or natus 128 Labrus osmeroides 145 Labrus plumbeus 139 Labrus pulcherrimus 133 Labrus punctatus 162 Labrus rufus 134 Labrus Taeniatus 136 Labrus vittatus erythrogaster 136 Labrus vittatus cyanogaster 132, H3 Labrus vittatus erythrogaster 132, H3 Labrus vittatus 1 43 Labrus vittatus erythrogus 144 Lagocephalus spadiceus 69 Laminalloptes phaetontis 2 1 5 Larus gregarius 33 Larus maculipennis 33 Latridopsis ciliaris 1 54 Latris 154 Laveratoides amaenus 160 Lemur murinus I Lemur tardigradus 1 Lfemur] tardigradus 1 Lepas Midas 289 Lepas pelluscens 229, 290 Lepas vittata 289, 291 Leptaxis sp. 297 Leucophaea maderae 2 1 1 Lichia amia 1 90 Lima lima 292, 293 Liocarcinus depurator 22 1 Loxia mexicana 37 Loxia nitens 40 Lutjanus fulvus 209 Lutjanus kasmira 1 64 Lutjanus semicinctus 1 5 1 Lysierichthus vitreus 228, 229 Lysiosquilla scabricauda 228 Macronectes giganteus 17, 18 Macropus sp. 3 , 4 Macropus robustus 5 Medusa azurea 264 Medusa chrystallina 270 Medusa circinnata 275 Medusa fimbriata 269 Medusa limpidissima 27 1 Medusa obliquata 272 Medusa pelagica 274 Medusa pellucens 273 Medusa plicata 267 Medusa porpita 264, 265 Medusa punctulata 266 Medusa radiata 268 Medusa rutilans 263 Medusa velella 2~i6 Megaprotodon strigangulus 1 00 Melichthys vidua 64 Microcebus murinus 1 Micropogon ? undulatus 176 Milvago chimango 7 Mimus volutator 240 Monoculus piscinus 230 Monoculus piscinus 230 Monotaxis grandoculis 148 Motacilla avida 41 Motacillaflava 4 1 Motacilla velificans 42 Mulloides sapidissimus 155, 156 Mullus vittatus 193 Munida gregaria 222 Muntiacus muntjak 6 Muraena geographica 76 Muraena guttata 74, 75 Muraena helena 74 Muraena tricolor 75 Mustela quoll 2 Mycteroperca rubra 1 7 1 Mycteropercasp. 173 Myliobatis australis 52 Myliobatis Nieuhofi 5 2 Naseus olivaceus 103 A'&ro lituratus 62 Naso unicornis p. 56, 103 Nasutus purpurascens 208 Nasutus purpureus 208 Nasutus virescens 207 N aucrates ductor 177 Nectris fuliginosus 23 Nectris munda 24 Nemadactylus macropterus 123, 138 Nephilgenys cruentata 217 Nycticebus coucang 1 Oceanites oceanicus oceanicus 1 2 Ocyropsis sp. 262 Oenanthe oenanthe 42 Oligoplites saurus 188 Onidio gibboso 232 Onidium gibbosum 23 1 Onidium oblongatum 232 Onidium quadricorne 233 Onidium spinosum 234, 235 Oniscus chelipes 238 Oniscus gibbosus 23 1 Oniscus quadricornis 233 Oniscus spinosus 234 O-ftaJ /w 293 Ostrea limanda 292, 294 Pachyptila belcheri 1 5 Pagellus bogaraveo 137 Pagrosomus auratus 1 6 1 Pagrus latus 1 6 1 Pagurus ample ct ens 223 Pagurus gregarius ill Paracirrhites arcatus 166 Paracirrhites forsteri 134 Parapercis colias 56, 140 Parexocoetus brachypterus 200 Patella 298 A?gra confoederata 245 Agra sp. 245 Pelagia noctiluca 274 Pelagodroma marina marina 1 3 Pelecanus antarcticus 29 Pelecanus Aquilus 28 Pelecanus sectator 30 Pelecanus serrator 30 Perca areata 166 Perca areata 1 66 Perca asellina 173 Perca ? colias 140 Perca coregona 1 5 1 Perca cruenta 134 Perca cruentata 134 170 Index of Animal Names Perca decor ata 174 Perca escarlatina 172 Perca gadoides 1 63 Perca gobioides 148 Perca imperator 169, 170 Perca macular a 165 Perca nebulosa 175 Perca pica 1 67 Perca rosea 1 46 Perca rubescens 147 Perca scelerata 162 Perca undulata 176 Perca vittata 1 64 Percoides pica 1 67 Phaethon rubricauda melanorhynchos 31, 32, 215 Phaeton erubescens 31, 215 Phaeton lepturus fulvus 215 Phaeton melanorhynchos 3 1 Phalacrocorax albiventer 29 Phialidium sp. 272 Phoebetria palpebrata 26 Phyllodoce velella 276, 277 Phyllodoce velulla 276 Physalia physalis 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 Pimelepterus boscii 114 Pimelepterus fuscus 114 Pimelepterus incisor 1 1 5 Pimelepterus waigiensis 114 Platybelone argala 199 Platycephalus fuscus 84 Plectorhynchus picus 162, 167 Pleuronectes 94 Pleuronectes maculata 95 Pleuronectes mancus 95 Pleuronectes pictus 95 Pleuronectes Rhomboides 93 Poly bins henslowii 221 Polynemus quadernarius 203 Polyprion oxygenios 1 63 Pomatomus saltatrix 181 Pontinus kuhlii 9 1 Porpita porpita 264, 265 Portunus cyanophthalmus 224 Portunus pelagicus 220 Portunus sanguinolentus 219 Prionace glauca 53, 54, 59, 239 Prionotus sp. 194 Procellaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis 19 Procellaria aequorea 1 3 Procellaria fregata 14 Procellaria 23 Procellaria fuliginosa 1 9 Procellaria gigantea a 1 7 Procellaria gigantea |3 1 8 Procellaria grisea 2 1 Procellaria lugens 2 1 Procellaria lugens 22 Procellaria marina 1 3 Procellaria munda 24 Procellaria oceanica 1 2 Procellaria sandaleata 20 Procellaria turtur 1 5 Procellaria velox 1 6 Pseudophycis bachus 7 8 Pterocaesio tile 1 60 Pterodroma incerta 20 Pterodroma inexpectata 21,22 Pterodroma longirostris 1 6 Pterois radiata 87 Ptilinopus purpuratus 3 5 Puffinus assimilis elegans 24 Puffinus griseus 23 Raja fasciata 5 1 Raja macrocephala 52 /?o/CAPE HORN Fig. 4 Tierra del Fuego showing localities mentioned in the Insect Notes and other items of Darwin interest. 18 K. G. V. SMITH Itinerary of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle from Dec. 27, 1831 to Oct. 2, 1836 (After Barlow, 1967) Left Arrived At sea On land Devonport, Dec. 27, 1831 Cape Verde Is., Jan. 18, 1832 21 days 21 days C. Verde Is., Feb. 8, 1832 Bahia, Brazil, Feb. 28 20 days 19 days Bahia, Brazil, Mar. 18 Rio de Janeiro, Apr. 5 18 days 91 days Rio de Janeiro, Jul. 5 Monte Video, Jul. 26 21 days 24 days Montevideo, Aug. 19 Bahia Blanca, Sept. 6 18 days 41 days Bahia Blanca, Oct. 17 Monte Video, Nov. 2 16 days 24 days Monte Video, Nov. 26 T. del Fuego, Dec. 16, 1832 20 days 72 days T. del Fuego, Feb. 26, 1833 Falkland Is., Mar. 1 3 days 35 days Falkland Is., Apr. 6 Maldonado (near Monte Video), Apr. 28 22 days 86 days Maldonado, Jul. 23 Rio Negro, Aug. 3 1 1 days 122 days Monte Video, Dec. 6 Port Desire, Dec. 23, 1833 17 days 12 days Port Desire, Jan. 4, 1834 Port St Julien (110 miles south), Jan. 9 5 days 10 days Port St Julien Jan. 19 Str. of Magellan (via Falkland Is.), Jan. 29 10 days 9 days Str. of Magellan Mar. 7 Falkland Is., Mar. 10 3 days 28 days Falkland Is., Apr. 7 Santa Cruz River, Apr. 13 6 days 29 days Santa Cruz, May 12 Chiloe, Jun 28 (many landings in Straits) 47 days 15 days Chiloe, Jul. 13 Valparaiso, Jul. 31 18 days 102 days Valparaiso, Nov. 10 (Illness) Chiloe, Nov. 21 1834 1 1 days 106 days Chiloe, Feb. 4, 1835 Valdivia, Feb. 8 4 days 14 days Valdivia, Feb. 22 Concepcion, Mar. 4 (Earthquake) 10 days 3 days Concepcion, Mar. 7 Valparaiso, Mar. 1 1 (S. Jago) 4 days 1 1 7 days Copiapo, Jul. 6 Iquiqui, Jul. 12 6 days 3 days DARWIN S INSECTS 19 Left Arrived At sea On land Iquiqui, Jul. 15 Gallao, for Lima, Jul. 19 4 days 50 days Gallao, Sept. 7 Galapagos, Sept. 16 9 days 34 days Galapagos, Oct. 20 Tahiti, Nov. 15 26 days 1 1 days Tahiti, Nov. 26 New Zealand, (Bay of Islands) Dec. 21 26 days 9 days New Zealand, Dec. 30, 1835 Sydney, Jan. 12, 1836 13 days 18 days Sydney, Jan. 30 Hobart, Tasmania, Feb. 2 3 days 1 5 days Hobart, Feb. 17 St George's Sound, Australia, Mar. 3 14 days 1 1 days St George's Sound, Mar. 14 Keeling I., Apr. 2 19 days 10 days Keeling I., Apr. 12 Mauritius, Apr. 29 17 days 1 1 days Mauritius, May 9 C. of Good Hope, May 31 22 days 18 days C. of Good Hope, Jun. 18 St Helena, Jul. 7 19 days 7 days St Helena, Jul. 14 Ascension, Jul. 19 5 days 4 days Ascension, Jul. 23 Bahia, Brazil, Aug. 1 9 days 5 days Bahia, Brazil, Aug. 6 Pernambuco, Aug. 12 6 days 5 days Pernambuco, Aug. 17 Porto Praya, C. Verde Is., Sept. 4 18 days 16 days Terceira, Azores, Sept. 20 Falmouth, Oct. 2, 1836 12 days — Paradiz (1981) treats the South American journeys in detail and gives clear maps with modern spellings and notes on the variation of place names. Some of his dates of landfall and departure differ slightly from the itinerary given above and are probably more correct. Darwin's Insects in the British Museum (Natural History) Although Darwin did not hold the specialists in the British Museum in high esteem this was not so of G.R. Waterhouse 10 as I have recorded elsewhere (Smith 1982a). Waterhouse was Keeper of Mineralogy and Geology in the British Museum from 1851 to 1880 and curator of the Royal Entomological Society's insect collections on its foundation. It was no doubt in the latter role that Darwin entrusted many insects to him and that through him many specimens came to be in the British Museum. Lea (1926) notes, quoting G.J. Arrow, 'Darwin did not give his collection to the Museum, but allowed different individuals to take particular groups which interested them, and the unsorted mass of minute specimens was given to G.R. Waterhouse, only coming here in 1887'. The Entomological Society collections were eventually dispersed; firstly the exotic species in 1858, then the British and certain historic specimens in 1863. The Museum purchased 5628 insects in 1858 (BM accession no. 1858-60) and in 1863 (1863-44) a series of 199 insects, of various orders, collected chiefly by Darwin during the Beagle voyage and including the types of species described by G.R. Waterhouse, J.O. Westwood and E. Newman. The following list of summarized entries from the Museum Accession Registers indicates the numbers of Darwin insect specimens and the source of their origin. 1837.1.-1 2 1842.14- 1845.63.- 1845.68.- 1845.81. 1845.118.- 1 specimen of Chiasognatus grantii 2 specimen of Chiasognatus grantii 4 species of Coleoptera [names listed] 115 Coleoptera [names all listed] 1 3 Diptera 2 Orthoptera 1 Libellula 1 Xylocopa 44 Hemiptera 3 Aptera 26 Diptera 7 Hymenoptera 6 Orthoptera 1 Aptera 3 Hemiptera Ixodes 1 Staphylinus 2 Olfersia 5 beetles [names listed] Chiloe Chiloe Tierra del Fuego [Various Beagle localities] Galapagos Galapagos Galapagos Galapagos Galapagos Galapagos Montevideo Montevideo Montevideo Montevideo Montevideo St Paul's I St Pauls I St Pauls I Valparaiso and Pt Desire Pres. by C. Darwin Pres. by C. Darwin Pres. by C. Darwin. Originals of Mr Waterhouse's descriptions in the Annals & Magazine of Natural History, Vol. 9, April 1842. Pres. by C. Darwin. Originally de- scribed by Mr. Waterhouse in Annals & Magazine of Zoology & Botany Presented by Charles Darwin Presented by Charles Darwin Esq Pres. by C. Darwin. Originally described by Mr Waterhouse in Ann. of Nat. Hist. 20 DARWIN S INSECTS 21 1846.38.- 9 Lepidoptera Pt Famine, S. America lOLepidoptera Monte Video 4 Lepidoptera St Iago 2 Lepidoptera Keeling Is 1 Lepidoptera Galapagos 5 Lepidoptera Southern part of S. America 1848.95.- 3 Cleridae 1 Sydney, 1 V.D's land. 1 Mt Wellington 1 Entomoderes erebi Solier Mendoza 1858.60.- 5031 insects [some listed by name] Various localities 1863.44.- 9 beetles [names listed] [Various Beagle localities] [on page 839 the names of [Various Beagle a further 175 beetles are localities] listed] Presented by Charles Darwin Esq from the voyage of the Beagle Presented by C. Darwin Esq. Purchased at sale of Entomological Society Collected by Charles Darwin on his late voyage of the Beagle; described by Revd W. Hope. For the continu- ation of this entry see Folio 839 Type specimens of species described by Messrs Waterhouse, Westwood & Newman in the Annals of Nat. History, Entomologist & collected principally by C. Darwin Esq. in the voyage of the Beagle Presented by G. R. Waterhouse. Collected by C. Darwin in the Forest in June. Presented by GR. Waterhouse Esq. Collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle. See Ins. Room List p. 93 Many beetles seem also to have passed, through G.R. Waterhouse, directly into the Coleoptera collections. These are not covered by numbers in the Museum Accession Register but are recorded in a volume of 'Accessions to the collection of Coleoptera 1870-1909', kept in the Coleoptera section. These entries are as follows: 1885.100.- 1885.119.- 1 Forficula sp. 2 Forficula sp. 500 insects Rio de Janeiro Patagonia (?) Various localities 1871.2 1 7 Elateridae S. America Presented by Chas Darwin. Collected by Mr Darwin. Not to be Rep. 10th/ 71 1871.7 3 Elateridae New Zealand do. Not to be Reported May 1st 71 1871.17 2 Systolosoma brevis Solier 1 1 Lebiinae 2 Tautocerastes patagonicus Chile S. America St Cruz Presented C. Darwin, collected C. Darwin through Mr Waterhouse. Not to be reported 1873.8. 50 Hydradephaga Patagonia etc Presented by C. Darwin, Esq. through G.R. Waterhouse 1875.35 29 Coleoptera [names listed] all C. Waterhouse species Terra del Fuego, Valparaiso and Falkland Is Presented by G.R. Waterhouse collected by Mr Charles Darwin. Described in a paper read at the Entomological Society Nov. 3rd 1875 [see Waterhouse, CO., 1875] 1875.36 [1751 Coleoptera] [Various localities and Presented by G. R. Waterhouse sources, some Darwin] 22 K. G. V. SMITH 1877.1 4 Coleoptera James I. Galapagos 6 Coleoptera Charles Island [a list of the names of the 8 species follows] 1878.43 1 Strina aurichalcea Cape of Good Hope 1879.34 17 Coleoptera [names Cape of Good Hope. listed] types of E. Falklands, Rio F. Waterhouse and St Helena 1880.67 1 Moluris [Tenebrionidae] S. Africa 1887.42 2000 Coleoptera Various localities Presented by C. Darwin Esq, through G. R. Waterhouse. Not Rep. Presented G. R. Waterhouse, coll. by C. Darwin, Esq. Not to be reported Presented by G. R. Waterhouse col- lected by C. Darwin Esq, described by F. H. Waterhouse in the Linnean Journal Presented by Chas Darwin Esq. This is the specimen referred to in the popular account in the Naturalist Oct or Nov. [Dec, p. 76 by S. D. Bairstow] Presented by G. R. Waterhouse Esq. Collected by Charles Darwin in the Voyage of the Beagle The '1871.2' entry also includes some Coleoptera from St Helena (see Insect Notes entry 3730). It is not clear what the 'not to be reported' comment means against several of these entries. Perhaps it kept the material temporarily more freely available for loan to outside specialists if it remained among unofficial accessions. Some accessions of Waterhouse types (e.g., 1875-36) con- tain Darwin material although there is no indication of this in the entry (see Insect Notes entry 2303 under Adioristus). Labelling of specimens The majority of the specimens in the BM collections have printed BM data labels indicating the country, locality and the name C. Darwin. Often the BM accession number is also given on a separate printed label though sometimes this is handwritten. Some specimens do not have printed labels and these can be difficult to find, all the labels being handwritten (by Darwin (rarely), Waterhouse and others) and sometimes folded. Labels bearing the name of the species are fre- quently handwritten. The distinctive labels of other museums are described under the appropriate sections. Some specimens bear original 'Darwin' labels and numbers, which link them directly to the Insect Notes entries described later. These labels are as follows: (1) Original handwritten locality labels (by Darwin or Syms Covington but usually by others) (Figs 11, 19). Sometimes these may have a BM accession number written later or on the verso. (2) A label bearing a handwritten (rarely by Darwin or Syms Covington and usually by later 'curators') number between 1 and 3868 usually on white paper or occasionally on coloured paper conforming to the code range described for the printed numbers below, but the number given in full (see Figs 11, 19). (3) Printed numbers (Fig. 19) can usually be taken at face value if on white paper. If on red coloured paper then 1000 must be added to the number printed thereon, 2000 added for green and 3000 added for yellow (I have only seen written numbers on yellow paper; see Insect Notes, entry 2523). A clue to this numbering code is given in entry 325 in the Insect Notes, and it is described in Darwin's specimen catalogue in the University Library at Cambridge. In the University Museum of Zoology at Cambridge are specimens with small green labels bearing numbers but these are not Darwin's and are dealt with in the section on the Cambridge material. DARWIN'S INSECTS 23 Other comments on labels are given immediately before the Insect Notes. There are certainly other undetected Darwin specimens scattered throughout the BM collections, especially in the unidentified accessions. While it has been relatively easy to locate material on which published descriptions are based, there has been difficulty in locating non-type material. Specimens representing published misidentifications have frequently been subsequently re-identified and moved to an unexpected place in the collection. However most groups have been scanned, and at least for the Neotropical Coleoptera it has been possible to comment on most of the entries in the Insect Notes. Where specimens have not been located it has frequently been possible to interpolate the identity of some entries from published sources, especially the Journal (Darwin, 1845). Often the very nature of the entry in the Insect Notes has provided clues leading to a successful search for material in the collections. Some specimens that were once in the collection have obviously been removed, probably for exhibition purposes on the occasion of a Darwin anniversary (see Ridewood, 1909: 23) or even in exchanges with other museums. Name labels with only pin-holes above them provide strong evidence for this (e.g. Insect Notes entry 5). There is also evidence that Darwin specimens from the BM have 'found their way' into other collections, probably before the establishment of a proper loans system, but have 'returned home' in due course (see Insect Notes entries 2303, 2308 under Adioristus, Col., Curculionidae). There are also specimens in the David Sharp collection (BM 1905-313; see entry 618 under Nitidulidae). Darwin's Insects in the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge In the main collection of the Zoology Museum at Cambridge are Beagle specimens of water beetles and water bugs as follows: — Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae: 104 specimens representing 20 species; Gyrinidae: 21 specimens representing 7 species. Hemiptera, Pelogonidae: 2 specimens representing 1 species (?); Corixidae: 1 specimen, unidentified. These mostly bear a printed label as shown in the notes quoted and may have small green labels with numbers in the range 1-51, though no specimens were found with the numbers 1, 2, 9, 18, 26, 29, 32 or 41 (though the Corixid bears a white printed 41 which does not fit a Darwin entry — see entries 210, 677). Other specimens without numbers are present and probably all had numbers originally. Some specimens also carry printed numbers relating to the Darwin notebooks and Insect Notes. The specimens also bear A. Knisch (Hydrophilidae) or A. Zimmerman (Gyrinidae) det. labels (see entries in the main Insect Notes). These specimens were formerly housed in a small box labelled as follows: To Dr Sharp. I send the first contribution to an Entom. Library. Also Darwin's aquatics from S. America. The tickets are no[t] intelligible to me. I have no corresponding notes. C.C. Babington 9 To this has been added a note by Hugh Scott: These insects have since been named and incorporated in the general exotic collection. Though said to be from "S. America" (whence most undoubtedly are) they include certain species which can scarcely have been from that Continent: Sternolophus solieri, Cast., known from Afr. and Syria, and Paranacaena sp., a genus known (otherwise) only from Australia (both Hydrophilidae). The series included one or two Hemiptera fam. Pelogonidae. H.S. 24.4.1922 In the Cambridge Museum Register 14 November 1912 the following supplementary notes by Hugh Scott are given, dated 24 October 1922: These were formerly kept in a small box, just as they were handed to Dr Sharp by Prof. C.C. Babington. They were sent by Darwin to Professor Babington, and passed on by him to Dr Sharp, with the label which is stuck in below. They have now (1922) been named and incorporated in the general foreign beetle collection, the old pins being kept and the following label attached South America Charles Darwin Voyage of the "Beagle" Reg. 14.xi.1912 They will be found under families Hydrophilidae and Gyrinidae [Darwin's Dytiscidae are in Brit. Mus. They were worked out by Babington and publd in Tr. Ent. Soc. iii, 1941, 24 DARWIN'S INSECTS 25 pp. 1-17, PI. 1], also two or three bugs (Hemiptera) under (Pelogonidae and Corixidae). Re localities: Babington's note reads "from South America", and nearly all undoubtedly are South American. But the following are not from that continent: Stemolophus solieri, Cast. (Hydrophilidae; Africa & Syria); Paranacaena sp. (Hydrophilidae; genus known only from Australia); Dineutes subspinosus, Klug (Gyrinidae; Africa, Syria, India) and Dineutes aereus, Klug (Africa). These were probably got when the "Beagle" visited countries within their range. — The numbers borne by the specimens were not intelligible by Babington. In 1917 the collection was examined by G.C. Champion, who by consulting old literature was able to fix the localities of the big Gyrinid Enhydrus sulcatus, Wied., ofGyrinus ovatus, Aube and of Gyretes glabratus, Regimbart; he attached the labels "Rio de Janeiro, C. Darwin" to these, but did not think the rest could be traced [see over page]. The full list is as follows: — [HYDROPHILIDAE] Berosus (Enoplurus) reticulatus, Knisch; Berosus (s.str.) sticticus, Boh. and its aberrations confinis, Knisch, and aberrans, Knisch; Der alius rudis, Sharp; Hydrous ater, Ol., * Hydrous ( Diboloceles ) palpalis, Brulle; Neohydrophilus politus , Cast.; Tropisternus ( Cyphosternus ) lateralis, Fabr.; Tr. nitidulus, Brulle; Tr. (s.str.) collaris, Fabr.; Tr. laevis, Sturm, ( = nitens, Cast.); Tr. setiger, Germar; * Stemolophus solieri, Cast.; Limnoxenus sp.; Paracymus (s.str.) debilis, Sharp; P. (s.str.) armatus, Sharp; Paranacaena sp; Enochrus (Lumetrus) vulgaris, Stein; E. (L.) affinis, Stein; Hugoscottia darwini, Knisch; Helobata (Helopeltis) striata, Brulle; [GYRINIDAE] * Dineutes aereus, Klug; * Dineutes subspinosus, Klug; * Enhydrus sulcatus, Wied.; Macrogyrus ellipticus, Brulle; Gyrinusparcus, Say; *G. ovatus, Aube; * Gyretes glabratus, Regimbart. Two kinds of printed numbers are attached; some specimens have numbers in large type, on (discoloured) white paper; these numbers correspond to Darwin's MS. Register in Brit. Mus. (Insect Dept.), and the data have been copied (l.xi.1922) from that register and attached to the specimens. The species under which such specimens stand are marked with an asterisk on the preceding page [there are numbers in similar large type on certain of Darwin's named Dytiscidae in Brit. Mus.]. Most of the numbers used are, however, in smaller type, on greenish-blue paper, with a printed line above and to one side of them. Of these there is at present no explanation, nor is it known when and by whom they were attached. They form a sequence from 1-51 . Many specimens have no number. None have Darwin's MS. locality-labels, as the Brit. Mus. specimens have; except in the case of those with the big-type numbers, therefore, the evidence that they were Darwin's rests at present on Babington's covering label, & the similar nature of the pins, &c. The presence of 'Darwin' numbers has enabled nine species to be assigned with certainty to entries in Darwin's Insect Notes. The other species have been interpolated and the following entries in the Notes should be consulted to account fully for these Cambridge specimens: 210, 213-9, 432- 3, 446-8, 554-5, 573, 875, 1305, 1314, 3528, 3635. There is also a small storebox (Figs 5-6) containing British beetles in the Museum of Zoology. The majority are ground beetles (Carabidae) and dung beetles (Scarabaeidae, etc.). Some of the species, though perhaps not the actual specimens recorded by Stephens are represented. There is an entry in the Museum Register regarding this collection dated 30 April 1913: Small collection of British beetles, made by Charles Darwin. The beetles were originally in a cabinet, until in the early '70s G.R. Crotch removed some or all of them into boxes, with the intention of arranging and renaming them. Only one box has been found, which was given to the Museum as Crotch left it, some of the beetles being named in Crotch's handwriting, others with printed labels. Whether the latter were Darwin's or Crotch's naming is not known. Donated by Sir Francis Darwin, F.R.S. Crotch also gave Darwin beetles during the writing of the Descent where Darwin (1871: 379, footnotes 70 and 72 relating to stridulatory mechanisms in the Coleoptera) says: 26 K. G. V. SMITH II * * #M ■-#*#* 1 p 1 i^Hwp Figure 5 Figs 5-6 The store-box of British beetles at Cambridge: 5, left hand 6, right hand, sides (by courtesy of the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology). DARWIN S INSECTS 27 «. i #•.•## # %-%#-•»'* it ♦«.##♦#' Z * w pt V* ?**^ w v-c • f f ' .Jar »g, %4;Paw^ - h *»~ ■ft****',*;-*:. :.*.'.,'. Figure 6 28 K. G. V. SMITH I am greatly indebted to Mr G.R. Crotch for having sent me numerous prepared specimens of various beetles belonging to these three families [Crioceridae, Chrysomelidae, Tenebrionidae] and others, as well as for valuable information of all kinds ... I am also much indebted to Mr E. W. Janson for information and specimens ... In the Carabidae I have examined Elaphrus uliginosus and Blethisa multipunctata, sent to me by Mr Crotch. A biographical note on Crotch is given by Smart & Wager (1977). See also under Darwin's British Insects for Cambridge holdings of Darwin material. Darwin's Insects in the Hope Entomological Collections, University Museum, Oxford The type specimens of various species described by F. W. Hope from Darwin material are present in the British Museum (Natural History) (e.g. Calosoma patagoniense Hope). However some of the material sent to Hope by Waterhouse remains in Oxford and according to a letter from Darwin to Hope postmarked 22 June 1837 this consisted of insects collected at Sydney, Hobart and King George's Sound (Poulton, 1909: 202). Some of these unidentified specimens have been removed from the general collection and are now kept in separate cabinets and include some Homoptera from Sydney and Hobart and a Chalcidoid Hymenopteran from Sydney. There are some unidenti- fied Reduviidae (Heteroptera) from Sydney remaining in the general collections. In the Darwin- Hope letter mentioned there is also reference to some Coleoptera of which the 'carabi' were to be returned but these have not been located at Oxford and are probably back in the British Museum. Some Australian Coleoptera and Homoptera were described by G.R. Waterhouse (1838, 1839) and are listed (see Insect Notes entry 3528 etc.) with some other insects found. Of greater interest is the presence of some Darwin insects in the Denny collection. Following information from F.G.A.M. Smit that he had seen a Darwin flea in that collection some 25 years ago, the flea was located in the Denny slide collection and is a female Pulex irritans L. from Chiloe mounted on a slide and represents entry 2561 in Darwin's Insect Notes. In the general Diptera collection at Oxford there is a drawer of Diptera and Siphonaptera which has inside a label indicating that the Denny fleas were sent to Rothschild in 1915. However no Darwin fleas have been located among the Rothschild collection in the British Museum. Since Denny was a specialist on lice, I searched for that order and found six specimens in the pinned part of the Denny collection {Insect Notes entries 1044, 1336, 1395, 2153 and 2561, and entry 658 in the Spirits of Wine List). Hitherto only one Darwin louse had been found (in the BM, see Insect Notes entry 1044). Other Darwin insects will no doubt be found in the Hope Collections as G.R. Waterhouse says (1839: 189) of the insects included there: . . . insects were therefore returned to the friends who had been so kind as to lend them to me. I may remark that the greater proportion of them were from the collection of our liberal president, the Rev. F.W. Hope. and later (1841: 121) under Feronia cordicollis: A specimen of this species has been sent to Mr Hope with the specific name of obsidianus but I have not yet found it described under that name. Poulton (1910: 16) records Diptera used in various exhibits to celebrate the hundredth anniver- sary of Darwin's birth but the only member of this order located at Oxford is a Bathypogon sp. (Asilidae) found in the Bigot Collection by Greg Daniels (see entries 3524-3526). Audrey Z. Smith (1986), Hope Librarian and Administrator, has published a history of the Hope Entomological Collections and may locate other Darwin material, but this will probably all be Australian. 29 Darwin's Insects in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin In 1971 Dr Martin Speight drew my attention to some boxes of insects in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin, which appeared to have been collected by Darwin on the Beagle voyage. Investi- gations proved this to be so and the material was examined and the results are incorporated in comments in the Insect Notes. The specimens were mostly small Diptera and Hymenoptera which Francis Walker 11 had sent to A.H. Haliday 12 for identification. Francis Walker had described many of Darwin's insects (see References) but the collections he sent to Haliday appear to consist of the smaller fry mostly covered by general entries in the Insect Notes based on general sweeping in Bahia, Brazil; Chiloe Island, Chile; Galapagos Islands; Hobart; Tasmania; King George's Sound and Sydney, Australia; New Zealand and St Helena. However there were some specimens referring to individual entries in the diaries of greater interest. The story of the disposal of these specimens can be gleaned from correspondence from Walker to Haliday {Haliday Correspondence, Vol. 2) preserved in the Library of the Royal Entomological Society of London as follows: Arnos Grove, Southgate 8 March 1837 ... Mr Darwin (grandson of the celebrated doctor Darwin) who has been travelling for the few past years through the E and W coasts of South America and the Pacific Isles and N. Holland and has made numerous interesting discoveries in geology and zoology — has lately returned to England with his collections — He has entrusted the insects to Waterhouse who will describe the Coleoptera. I was so interested in the chalcidites that I have acceded to W's request that I should describe them. He is at a loss what to do with the Muscidae, Ichneum adscits [?] Thrips (of which there are some Fitans [?] half an inch long) etc — and wishes me to offer them to you to describe in whatever Ent work you please, he would like to have an answer soon. I think you will find them very interesting and we can easily send them to you. The next letter is dated 27 May 1837 and is written from the same address. It begins: My Dear Haliday, I have delayed writing to you till I could procure some of Darwin's insects to accompany my package. Waterhouse has been very busy so he requested me to pick out and mount some. Having done this I sent you a few near a fortnight ago per Belfast steamer, with the other insects that I promised, also one parcel from Mr Curtis and two from Mr Rudd [or Budd?]. Waterhouse requests that you will keep the No. attached to each lot as Darwin has MSS notes attached to some. He will I believe make an application to government to patronize the publication of his travels, if he succeeds all these specific descriptions will of course be included therein. Later in the same letter he says: — I do not remember any recent works on Hymenoptera or Diptera of the regions where Darwin has travelled. There may be a few in the 10th Vol of the Encycl. Method.* and in Fabr Syst Piezatt which I will send to you if you have them not. * Encyclopedic Methodique . . . Paris & Liege, 1789-1828. fFabricius, J.C., Systema Piezatorum. . ., Brunsvigae, 1804. 30 DARWIN'S INSECTS 31 Later in this letter Walker says he will take specimens to Liverpool in September. The correspon- dence shows clearly that Walker and Haliday expected to meet at the Liverpool meeting, in September, of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (of which they were both Life Members). The next letter was written on 15 July 1837 from the same address. It begins: My Dear Haliday I have received your kind letter announcing the safe arrival of the insects etc. I am sorry to hear that your health has suffered and I fear that this is partly occasioned by working too closely at the minute Hymenoptera which I have inflicted upon you. I well remember to have seen a figure of Dicer a and to have been struck with its singularity, but I did not recognize it among Darwin's insects. Of these I have a few more Diptera etc for you which I had set before I received your letter. Darwin still has multitudes of them, and if I can procure them for Waterhouse before I leave I will bring them in pill boxes as you advise. Later in this letter he says: Almost all that I have seen of Darwin's Diptera are as minute as those that you have. The chalcidites also are generally remarkable for their identity with the British forms. And the same may be said of the Coleoptera among which the species of Scymnus are very numerous. On a recent coral isle [St. Pauls] the only insects were bird parasites and a few Coprophagi such as a Staphylinus (Philonthus or Quedius) etc. Another isle the only species of insect was a small ant. The next letter is written from 49 Bedford Square and is dated 19 December 1 837. It includes the following: I have told Darwin and Waterhouse about the Diptera, and they have looked out some more for you and will have them ready in a few days and I will send them to you before a month hence, also a parcel which Curtis tells me he has ready for you. This letter goes on to show that the two correspondents did in fact meet in Liverpool the previous September. And also states: I now have a lot of MSS waiting to be published in the Ent. Mag., and I must send the description of Darwin's Chalcidites to the Linn. Society or elsewhere. Later he continues: I will write to you again when Darwin's insects are ready and will send the parcel to the Belfast steamer office directed to Mr Gordon for you. The next letter is dated 17 February and post-marked 1838. It begins: I have hitherto delayed replying to your letter of December last that I might obtain as many as possible of Darwin's Diptera etc to form part of the parcel that I have just forwarded to you.' The letter discusses some of the insects which are in the parcel and then continues: 32 K. G. V. SMITH In the box also are all Darwin's Diptera yet unpacked. He has plenty more but they are in little boxes mixed with other insects and he is about to have them all mounted and then sorted. Those from the Galapagos are all the Diptera I have found among the insects yet mounted. The man employed unfortunately put them into water but he will know better in future. Though the Galapagos are situate under the line yet the insects found therein are very like those of the temperate climes and so it is with other little isles that are far from the mainland. Later this letter continues: I have placed a few of Darwin's chalcids in the box for your examination. Figures of some of them would be very interesting excepting No. 1 they all appear to belong to the family Eucharidae of which I have seen no European specimens. In the structure of the head, antennae and abdomen they much resemble Figites etc. Later he continues: The steamer with the box will leave London tomorrow. And later again: Have you determined where you will publish Darwin's insects? I have got ready enough MSS in British Chalcid to last the Ent. Mag. for a couple of years and I wish to publish Darwin's Chalcids somewhere else. In a letter dated 29 July 1 839 Walker writes: My descriptions of Darwins Chalcides are printed and will be published immediately. I have all the specimens in my possession and I will forward them to you together with all my own collection and they will be speedily followed by the few remnants that I have left, you are quite welcome to retain mine as long as you feel inclined and what I ask of you is in plain words that you will point out my errors, supply my omissions, reunite the species that I have cut up and divide into groups the overpopulous and disordered genera. Your drawings of the genera would be most suitably accompanied by such an essay .... I have about half a dozen more of Darwins insects for you. The drawings referred to in this letter would be those which subsequently appeared in The Entomologist (see Walker, 1840-42). Various labels in the boxes indicate that the specimens had been seen (though not studied or recorded) by several specialists over the years. In box number 546 (H.28) was a label 'There is no doubt these are some of Charles Darwin's insects collected on cruise of the Beagle. See Hal. diary for date of receipt of same from F. Walker. A.W. Stelfox. 1932'. Beneath this label is another 'All these certainly not European (Collin)'; this would be J.E. Collin, the Dipterist. There is also a label with printed 'Haliday' and written on 'Miscellanea (chiefly Diptera) numbered 3527, 3523, 2368, 2369'. The specimens are grouped in blocks around single labels bearing these numbers (including also 3528) which refer to Darwin's notes. In box H[aliday] 24 (542) there is a note 'seen by Prof. Westwood 1885-6' and written on the bottom of the box 'Coll by Charles Darwin when in the "Beagle" AWS.' This box also contains some Walker insects from Finmark. The specimens in this box are pinned in fairly orderly columns above the labels which bear written numbers and locality data. DARWIN S INSECTS 33 Fig. 7 The contents of 'box 73' from the Haliday collection in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. The specimens from St Vincent or with numbers in the sixteen hundreds are not Darwin material. The Darwin specimens include Hymenoptera of the subfamily Braconinae from Brazil and the Galapagos Islands and some Diptera (Chloropidae and Agromyzidae) from New Zealand. See Insect Notes 3363, 3416,3528, 3859, and 3860. A box numbered 555 (R.H.5) is divided inside by the pinned-in labels 'Box 73' and 'Box 69' and the former section is further labelled on the bottom of the box 'undoubtedly some of Charles Darwin's insects A.W.S.'. Also in the 73 section is a Haliday label 'Brazil (b) N. Zealand I. St. Vincent etc etc'. Of these the St Vincent specimens are not Darwin material (Fig. 7). 34 K. G. V. SMITH Box number 566 (H.68) contains Diptera, some bearing individual handwritten data labels and others either bear or stand over Darwin printed numbers. Boxes 536 (H. 17) and 538 (H.20) contain parasitic Hymenoptera bearing 'Darwin' numbers 3524, 3858-3861. All this material is included in the appropriate entries in the Insect Notes. In addition to the above more obvious material there may be Darwin specimens, as yet unrecognized, scattered elsewhere among the Haliday collection. General comments on the Haliday collection are given by O'Connor & Nash (1982). Darwin's Insects at Down House and elsewhere At Down House there is a storebox of beetles (Figs 8-9) which has been illustrated and variously reported in the literature as containing specimens from the Beagle voyage (e.g. Huxley & Kettlewell, 1965). However, with one exception, these insects are all British species and lack data, though some stand over printed name labels. The one non-British specimen, the largest in the box, I had taken to be a battered female of Chiasognathus grantii Stephens when I examined the specimen (see Insect Notes, entry 2110). However my colleague R.D. Pope, on seeing the photograph identified it as Euchirus longimanus L. (Scarabaeidae). This is certainly not a Beagle specimen as the species occurs in Amboina Ceram. Darwin quotes Wallace's observations on stridulation in this beetle in the Descent (Darwin, 1 87 1 : Vol. 1,381) and it may be that Wallace gave him this specimen or it may have come from the entomological dealer E.W. Janson who supplied him with various horned beetles at this time (see Stecher, 1969: 113). The British beetles in the box are mostly common species and probably represent his own collecting unless the named specimens form part of the gift of c. 160 species he received from Hope (see Darwin, F., 1887). Neither the species recorded by Stephens (1827-45) nor the species recorded so enthusiastically in the Life and Letters (Darwin, F., 1887) are present. In Down House there is also a small oval box of European beetles on display. These are obviously the Scarabaeidae that Darwin studied for the chapter on sexual selection in Vol. 1 of the Descent, i.e. Bubas bison Boucomont (now in Onthophagus), Oryctes grypus Illiger ( = nasicornis L.), Lethrus cephalotes Acharius and Geotrupes stercorarius L. Labels are present in the box but not all attached to the specimens. There is also a label for the moth Lampronia calthella L. (now in Micropterix) recorded as eating the pollen of Mercurialis in Cross & Self Fertilization (Darwin, 1888:421). Other locations Bynoe (the acting surgeon — see Notes p. 113) collected plants, birds and possibly minerals for the official naval collections at the Haslar Hospital. Gunther (1912: 5) states: The Zoological Collection at the Haslar Hospital which contained the Fishes of the Voyage of the "Erebus" and "Terror" as well as other types was transferred to the BM in 1855. The specimens arrived without labels and were in a bad condition, and for economy's sake a solution of chloride of zinc had been used instead of alcohol. In the BM accession books, there are several entries for insects from the Haslar Hospital (e.g. 1855-58, 60, 61, 63) in some of which lists of species are given but none appear to have any connection with the Beagle voyage. In Francis Walker's List of Diptera (1849) there is a list of donors which includes 38 entries under Haslar Hospital, but again, none appear to be connected with the Beagle. Lloyd & Coulter (1963, Medicine and the Navy 1200-1900, Vol. 5, 1815-1900, p. 75) state that Bynoe's collection of birds and insects is 'now in the British Museum' and his plants in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew but they give no source for this information. In the BM accessions book for 1 844, item 4 (Jan) lists 1 627 insects collected in 'New Holland N. & N. W. Coast and [Houtman's] Abrolhos, presented by [Haslar Hospital], collected by [J crossed out] Bynoe Esq Surgeon RN [Note B. Bynoe was surgeon in H.M.S. Beagle, and the types of insects described by Adam White on Stokes' Voyage of Discovery, 1846 appear to be in this collection]'. The entry is written in ink and the square brackets indicate pencil comments added later by K.G. Blair. The 35 36 K. G. V. SMITH t f t # * § » f I I # f * * * • I | $ * t' f t"f ** $ f j i.i "y«« till 'I' t> * 4 $ • ? ^ * I f t # Figure 8 Figs 8-9 The store-box of British beetles at Down House, and the specimen of Euchirus longimanus L. (Scarabaeidae), not connected with the Beagle voyage: 7, left hand 8, right hand, sides (photograph by Philip Titheradge, courtesy of Down House and the Royal College of Surgeons of England). DARWIN S INSECTS 37 ■™ k:: : *lfe •**- — f.- £M /. Figure 9 Stokes referred to is John Lort Stokes (1812-43, Naval Officer, Admiral, 1877)